<p>Great Sca Fell is a fell in the English Lake District, seven kilometres  southwest of the village of Caldbeck. It is the highest of the four Uldale Fells, the other three being Longlands Fell, Meal Fell and Great Cockup. It is a Wainwright, and the lowest of the lakeland ‘Sca fells’, the other two being Scafell and Scafell Pike.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Uldale fells are a smooth and grassy sheep pasture which rise in three ridges from the low land to the north and culminate at the summit of Great Sca Fell at a height of 651 m (2,136 ft). Although the hill is a ‘Wainwright’ fell and comfortably crests the 2000-foot mark, it does not meet the criteria for any of the other major hill lists; with a prominence of 13 metres to the higher fell of Knott it narrowly fails to qualify as a Nuttall.</p><br>
<p>The fell has twin summits, Great and Little Sca Fell, with Little Sca Fell, which reaches an elevation of 635 metres (2,083 feet), lying 400 metres north of the main summit across a low col, it has a more substantial cairn and a strange depression which has been augmented by a low wall to make a wind shelter. The summit of Great Sca Fell itself is a broad flat plateau on which the highest point could be located almost at any point within a 15-metre radius, however it has a small cairn to mark the recognised top. Four ridges radiate from the summit to the adjoining fells of Knott (south), Brae Fell (north), Meal Fell (west) and Longlands Fell (north west) making Great Sca Fell strategically important when walking these lonely hills. The River Ellen has its source on the western slopes of Great Sca Fell, flowing westerly to the Solway Firth. Drainage from the east of the fell flows eventually into the River Caldew and then the Eden to again reach the sea at the Solway.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents of Great Sca Fell are usually started from the minor road which skirts the Uldale fells to the north west with the hamlets of Orthwaite and Longlands as likely starting points, either approaching up the valleys or climbing the other fells on the way and then approaching by the connecting ridges.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The highlight of the view from the top of the fell is northwards to the Solway plain and beyond to the Scottish Borders. The view of Lakeland to the south is severely curtailed by the Skiddaw massif but there is distant view of the Bowfell group of fells almost 30 kilometres away through a gap in the hills.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels Church is a historic Episcopal church at 225 West 99th Street and Amsterdam Avenue on Manhattans Upper West Side in New York City. The parish was founded on the present site in January 1807, at that time in the rural Bloomingdale District. The present limestone Romanesque building, the third on the site, was built in 1890–91 to designs by Robert W. Gibson and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The church building also is noted for its Tiffany stained glass and its two tracker-action pipe organs built in 1967 by the Rudolph von Beckerath Organ Company (Hamburg, Germany); the church has fine acoustics.</p><br>
<p>In addition to traditional Anglican services, St. Michael&#39;s has services and prayer groups influenced by the emerging church movement.</p><br>
<p>Sale of air rights that enabled the building of The Ariel allowed St. Michael&#39;s to finance a major building restoration.</p><br>
<p>On April 12, 2016, the church, parish house and rectory were designated landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Almost uniquely among upper Manhattans houses of worship, St. Michaels Church has been located on exactly the same site for two centuries.</p><br>
<p>The first building was a simple white frame structure with a belfry, built for pewholders of Trinity Church, Wall Street, who sought a more convenient place to worship near their summer homes overlooking the Hudson River amid the farms on what is now Manhattans Upper West Side. At that time the City of New York was confined to the southern tip of Manhattan. Among the congregation was the widow of Alexander Hamilton. A second, larger, Carpenter Gothic building was in use from 1854 to 1891. In the 1840s and 50s Rev. Thomas McClure Peters extended a missionary church in the racially integrated settlement of Seneca Village, demolished to make way for Central Park. In the 1850s the Rectors wife Mrs. William Richmond transformed the John McVickar house, formerly the center of a sixty-acre estate south of St. Michael&#39;s, for a Protestant Episcopal "home for abandoned women who found no hand outstretched to help them".</p><br>
<p>The third and current building, influenced by the Romanesque and Byzantine styles and designed to seat 1,500 people, was dedicated in December, 1891. The church stands on ground formerly used as a cemetery. In building the church it was decided not to disturb it. Among those still buried there are the Rev. Mr. Richmond, the first rector of the church. The last internment took place in 1872. The present church was erected after an elevated railroad was built on Columbus Avenue absorbing the rural district into the growing city.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933) was commissioned to design and install the seven great lancet windows representing St. Michaels Victory in Heaven, along with a marble altar. Twenty-five years later, Tiffanys overall design scheme was completed with the Chapel of the Angels reredos mosaic depicting the Witnesses of the Redemption. From the 1890s through the 1920s, parishioners donated stained glass windows of eclectic styles.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 St. Michael&#39;s Church became a Designated Historical Building on the National Register of Historic Places and the New York State Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Its rectory stands at the head of the former St. Michaels Lane: the ghostly presence of St. Michaels Lane may still be traced in mid-block back alleys and service access between apartment buildings for several blocks south of 91st Street.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and art</h2><br>
<p>The church was designed by architect Robert W. Gibson.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels is noted for the many works of art created for the congregation by Tiffany studios. After the church building was completed, seven windows were commissioned and installed showing "St. Michaels Victory in Heaven." Louis Comfort Tiffany designed the windows which were made in his studios with the assistance of artists Clara W. Parrish, Edward P. Sperry, Louis J. Lederle and Joseph Lauber. Two additional Tiffany stained glass windows were later installed in the Chapel of the Angels, in addition to a large Tiffany mosaic behind the altar. Tiffany decorations in the main sanctuary include a white Vermont marble altar, altar rail, and pulpit and the dome of the apse. The many Tiffany features were installed between 1891 and 1920. The windows were restored in 1990.</p><br>
<p>After the windows were restored, the church had the entire interior painted by Fine Art Decoration of New York with the architectural details picked out in an array of colors drawn from the windows and mosaics.</p><br>
<p>The square, Romanesque bell tower rises 160 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Organ</h2><br>
<p>A Rudolf von Beckerath organ was installed in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>For most of its existence, and continuing today, St. Michaels has influenced the physical and social development of New York City. St. Michaels founded at least six New York churches, including All Angels Church, located first in Seneca Village, in what is now Central Park, and later on West End Avenue. After the Civil War, St. Michaels provided space and financial support for the free Bloomingdale Clinic, District Nurse Association, Day Nursery and Circulating Library.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s the congregation had dwindled to thirty, but by 1987 it was up to three hundred, thanks in large part to the energies of Rev. Frederick Hill, who retired in 1992 and died in 1997. St. Michaels is known for its wide range of programs and for its congregations wide ethnic, socio-economic, and sexual orientation diversity. The church draws people from all areas of New York City and its surroundings.</p><br>
<p>Today, the church has five choirs; more than 100 children are involved in the Christian Formation Program. Social ministries include work for the hungry and the homeless, the ill and their caregivers, the unemployed and their dependents. Both church and parish house provide space for extensive parish activities and major not-for-profit community organizations.</p><br>
<p>Since the early 1990s, St. Michaels has been partnered with St. Michaels, Promosa, in Matlosane, South Africa and, most recently, with the Diocese of Madras in the Church of South India.</p><br>
<p>The Maple Leaf is a United States National Historic Landmark shipwreck in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. The Maple Leaf was first launched as a freight and passenger vessel from the Marine Railway Yard in Kingston, Ontario in 1851. The 181-foot  sidewheel paddle steamer measured 24.7 feet  at the beam.</p><br>
<h2>Sinking</h2><br>
<p>Maple Leaf was a civilian merchant steamship, chartered as a transport by the Union Army during American Civil War, that struck a Confederate torpedo - what we would now call a mine - as she was crossing the St. Johns River near Jacksonville on April 1, 1864. The screw steamer was dispatched to assess the condition of the wreck on April 2, and Captain Henry W. Dale concluded his ship and cargo as a total loss.</p><br>
<h2>Wreck</h2><br>
<p>Maple Leaf′s wreck is located in the St. Johns River, to the west of the adjacent Mandarin neighborhood, in southeastern Duval County. The wreck was deemed a threat to river navigation so the USA Army Corps of Engineers had all structural components above the ship&#39;s main deck removed to clear the channel.</p><br>
<p>On October 12, 1994, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies about 5 km from Victoria, the capital city of the Seychelles, and encompasses eight small islands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Marine Park was created in 1973 for the preservation of wildlife, the first of its kind in the Indian Ocean. Fishing and water-skiing are forbidden within the Marine Park area.</p><br>
<p>in 2005 used as picnic islands for the local population is too expensive and approved opening them to hotels and resorts.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Today the islands are known as one of the prime tourist locations in the Indian Ocean for scuba-diving, glass-bottom boat excursions and snorkeling among the coral reefs. The colorful underwater world attracts tourists from around the world who are watching here the magnificent coral gardens, reef sharks and colorful tropical fish. The main island of Ste Anne is an 87-villa resort while Cerf Island and Round Island have Creole-style restaurants.</p><br>
<p>It also has one of the largest areas of "seagrass meadows" in the Seychelles. It is very beautiful.</p><br>
<p>Local tour operators offer day trips to the Marine Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The national park is made up of the following islands, with areas in km²:</p><br>
<p>Ste. Anne Island, 2.19 km², with large luxury resort Sainte Anne Island Resort</p><br>
<p>Cerf Island, 1.27 km², with a population of about 100, with three hotel-resorts (Cerf Island Marine Park Resort, Fairy Tern Chalets und L&#39;Habitation), and restaurant Kapok Tree</p><br>
<p>Île Cachée, 0.021 km², close southeast of Cerf Island, a nesting site for seabirds</p><br>
<p>Round Island, 0.018 km², a former leper colony, with an exclusive five-star resort called "Round Island Resort" with 10 villas.</p><br>
<p>Long Island, 0.212 km², formerly a smallpox quarantine and state prison, currently being developed into a 5 star resort</p><br>
<p>Moyenne Island, 0.089 km², currently with no steady population after the decease of the founders of the Moyenne Island National Park (Brendon Grimshaw and assistant), and restaurant Maison Moyenne</p><br>
<p>Île Seche (Beacon Island), 0.04 km²,</p><br>
<p>Harrison Rock (Grand Rocher) the eastern islet of the park.</p><br>
<p>The aggregate land area of the islands of the marine national park is 3.887 km². The total marine national park area is 14.43 km².</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>All islands belong to Mont Fleuri District.</p><br>
<p>Because of the small population, there are not any government buildings or services, so people who live on the islands have to go to Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The African Queen  is the boat used in the 1951 movie The African Queen starring Humprey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. It is located in Key Largo, Florida. On February 18, 1992, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The boat was built of riveted sheet iron in 1912 in the United Kingdom for service in Africa on the Victoria Nile and Lake Albert where the movie was filmed in 1950. Originally named the Livingstone, she was built for the British East Africa Railway and used from 1912 to 1968. It spent most of its first 50 years operating in the waters of the Ruki River in the northern Democratic Republic of Congo where she was used to transport a mixture of hunters, mercenaries and cargo.</p><br>
<p>According to an article on its 2012 restoration, it was built by Lytham Shipbuilding and engineering Co, as evidenced by the boiler plate and Lancashire records.</p><br>
<p>The boat was found in Cairo, Egypt in the 1970s, with coal still in its bilges. Purchased and shipped to the United States, it has had a succession of owners and is currently held in trust. It was refurbished in 2012, including installation of an interior steel hull frame and new boiler, and restored to service as a tourist boat.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Monument of Bardstown, in Bardstown, Kentucky was erected in 1903 in the Bardstown/St. Joseph&#39;s Cemetery to honor the sacrifice of 67 Confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War, 17 of which are unknown. Most were under the command of Major General Braxton Bragg who died in 1862 in conflicts around Bardstown. It was dedicated by the J. Crepps Wickliffe Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The base is made of limestone, and the statue of the Confederate soldier was made of zinc. A relief portrait of General Robert E. Lee is located directly beneath the statue.</p><br>
<p>The inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>Lord God of hosts, Be with us yet</p><br>
<p>Lest we forget, Lest we forget.</p><br>
<p>Marble tells not of their valor&#39;s worth,</p><br>
<p>Nameless, they rest in quiet earth.</p><br>
<p>We care not whence they came,</p><br>
<p>Dear is their lifeless clay</p><br>
<p>Whether unknown, or known to fame,</p><br>
<p>their cause and country still the same,</p><br>
<p>they died and wore the gray.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1997, one of sixty monuments to the American Civil War in Kentucky so honored on the same day. Starting in early autumn of 1999 the Sons of Confederate Veterans endeavored to restore/erect the individual gravemarkers.</p><br>
<p>The Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye or Forêt de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, is a dominial forest of 35 km in area which lies in a meander of the River Seine, France. Situated 20 km West of Paris, between Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Maisons-Laffitte, Achères and Poissy, It is situated entirely within the commune of Saint-Germain. Essentially composed of oak  and beech , it is now a forest bordered by built up areas and divided by communication links: route nationales, A14 and the railway line from Paris to Caen.</p><br>
<p>The Fête des Loges is, every year, organised in an open space near Saint-Germain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Forest of Laye is a relic of the ancient Forest of Yveline. Very early it became a royal domain and hunting grounds of the Kings of France who resided at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Henry IV and Louis XIII of France often used the forest for fox hunting. Louis XIV also walked the forest and hired an architect, André Le Nôtre, to build a terrace bordering the forest dominating the valley of the River Seine in 1663. He also built a high wall, finished by Napoléon, encircling the forest to prevent game from escaping the woods. After the abandonment of the forest of Saint-Germain in 1682 by Louis XIV, Charles X resumed the hunting tradition of Saint-Germain. Napoléon III purchased land to the South to link the forest of Saint-Germain with the Forest of Marly. The arrival of the railway in 1835, then the development of the car, considerably increased use of the forest.</p><br>
<p>Since the middle of the 19th century, the forest has lost 8 km of its surface area.</p><br>
<p>In 1811 the Légion d&#39;Honneur camp was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, Napoléon III built a 0.25 km large firing range.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the French Army built a military base extending the firing range by 0.6 km. The camp des Loges now occupies 0.5 km.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the City of Paris purchased 4.3 km to the North of Achères to install a sewage system; the site is now home to the largest sewage plant in Île-de-France.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the Achères marshalling yard as well as an engine shed were built in the heart of the forest.</p><br>
<p>The A14 motorway was opened in 1996. The then president of France, François Mitterrand, forced the builders to bury 1.5 km of the motorway in a tunnel and prevented the construction of a motorway exit intended to serve the city of Saint-Germain in order to reduce traffic in the forest.</p><br>
<p>The Store Street Aqueduct in central Manchester, England, was built in 1798 by Benjamin Outram on the Ashton Canal. A Grade II* listed building it is built on a skew of 45° across Store Street, and is believed to be the first major aqueduct of its kind in Great Britain and the oldest still in use today.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct was constructed to cross the Shooters Brook. It is built of stone with large voussoirs and retaining walls of coursed masonry and is 7.4 m wide with triangular buttresses. The brook was culverted in about 1805 and Store Street was built over it. The canal is about 4.6 m wide and 1.45 m deep. The arch has a 7.6 m square span and a 10.5 m skew span rising 2.75 m above road level.</p><br>
<p>Generally, where a canal (or later a railway) crossed a road, or vice versa, the road would be diverted to cross at right angles. It had not always been acceptable but attempts to build masonry arch bridges at an angle, or "skew" of greater than about 15 degrees, had proved unsatisfactory. The method up to that time had been to build the voussoir arch with the stone course work parallel to the abutments. This transmitted the load outward from the crown in a straight line to the foundations, parallel to the faces of the arch. If a skew was attempted, it threw the lines of force outside the abutments, leading to weakness in the structure.</p><br>
<p>William Chapman had partially solved the problem in 1787 when building bridges for the Kildare Canal, the first being the Finlay Bridge near Naas. The Kildare was part of the Grand Canal Company, for William Jessop had been the engineer. Jessop would no doubt have discussed it with Outram, his partner, and he experimented with the idea on the Rochdale Canal. Examples are Gorrell&#39;s Lane and March Barn road bridges, though it is possible that they were built later. The method used was to build timber falsework parallel to the proposed arches. Planks were laid on the falsework parallel to the abutments. The position of the courses at the crown were marked out, then those across the remainder of the arch.</p><br>
<p>Although the aqueduct still exists, and is structurally sound, years of neglect led to water leakage through the joints, and the spiral construction can no longer be seen, the surface of the intrados having been rendered.</p><br>
<p>Later railway engineers improved on the system, producing what became known as helicoidal construction that became the norm in English skew bridge building. An exact solution to the problem was determined in the form of the French, or orthogonal, design. However this was complicated and expensive to build.</p><br>
<p>Great Cockup is a fell in the northern region of the English Lake District, one of the four Uldale Fells .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Great Cockup reaches a height of 526 m and merits a chapter in Alfred Wainwright’s Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. Wainwright describes the fell as functional rather than ornamental, writing:</p><br>
<p>‘Viewed from a distance Great Cockup appears as a modest but extensive eminence with no obvious summit and nothing calling for closer inspection. First impressions are confirmed by a tour of exploration, the fell underfoot proving no more attractive than the fell at a distance.’</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The fell is known as ‘Great’ to distinguish it from its smaller neighbour Little Cockup which lies on its north-western shoulder overlooking the hamlet of Orthwaite with a height of 395 m.</p><br>
<p>The fell’s name originates from the Old English language, a combination of the words cocc and hop, where hop means a secluded valley and cocc means a woodcock or black grouse. So the meaning is probably ‘larger fell above the secluded valley where Woodcock or Black Grouse are found’. Whaley points out that this is the meaning ‘with the valley name being transferred to the hills, but without more evidence this cannot be proven’.</p><br>
<p>The fell’s name quite often causes mirth because of its slight rudeness and reference to sexual slang. Cockup means a mess-up in the British English language, and the fell was visited by British television personality Denis Norden for one edition of his TV show Itll be Alright on the Night, a programme which consisted of out-takes from film and television which he calls ‘Cockups’. The programme was called Alright on the Night’s Cockup Trip and was broadcast in 1996. The fells name has also been adopted for a local beer brewed by the Hesket Newmarket Brewery, called ‘Great Cockup Porter’ a dark-coloured stout with an ABV of 3.3%.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The fell has a series of stone-built grouse butts 500 m west of the summit, some of which have been dismantled leaving just the foundations in the ground; they can confuse walkers as to their original purpose. The lower southern slope of the fell has a large, isolated boulder which is marked on large scale maps; this is thought to be an erratic left by a retreating glacier. The fell has also yielded some rare fossils with unusual forms of dendroid graptolites being found on the slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>Great Cockup is almost always ascended from the hamlet of Orthwaite following the bridleway up Hause Gill for 2 km and then leaving it and ascending Great Cockup&#39;s steep southern slopes to the summit. A direct ascent over Little Cockup is possible but the bracken can be thick at certain times of the year. Great Cockup is separated from Meal Fell, 1.5 km to the east, by the pass of Trusmadoor.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The view from the summit is dominated by a good view of Skiddaw’s northern slopes while there is an excellent open outlook towards the Scottish Borders.</p><br>
<p>The Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, also known as Kirkbride&#39;s Hospital or the Pennsylvania Hospital for Mental and Nervous Diseases, was a psychiatric hospital located at 48th and Haverford Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It operated from its founding in 1841 until 1997. The remaining building, now called the Kirkbride Center is now part of the Blackwell Human Services Campus.</p><br>
<p>Two large hospital structures and an elaborate pleasure ground were built on a campus that stretched along the north side of Market Street, from 45th to 49th Streets. Thomas Story Kirkbride, the hospitals first superintendent and physician-in-chief, developed a more humane method of treatment for the mentally ill there, that became widely influential. The hospitals plan became a prototype for a generation of institutions for the treatment of the mentally ill nationwide. The surviving 1859 building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1830s, the managers of Pennsylvania Hospital began erecting a large asylum to replace the hospitals crowded insane wards at 8th and Spruce Streets. The 101 acre site chosen was a former farm in the as-yet unincorporated district of West Philadelphia. The first structure for the Pennsylvania Asylum for the Insane was designed by Isaac Holden and was located near what is now 46th and Market Streets. Completed in 1841, the facility offered comforts and a "humane treatment" philosophy that set a standard for its day. Unlike other asylums where patients were often kept chained in crowded, unsanitary wards with little if any treatment, patients at the Pennsylvania Asylum resided in private rooms, received medical treatment, worked outdoors and enjoyed recreational activities including lectures and a use of the hospital library. The facility came to be called "Kirkbrides Hospital."</p><br>
<p>Superintendent Thomas Kirkbride developed his treatment philosophy based on research he conducted at other progressive asylums of the day, including the one in Worcester, as well as his deep-seated personal opinions regarding mental health and his experience at the Pennsylvania Asylum. Out of his philosophy emerged the Kirkbride Plan, which created a model design for psychiatric hospital buildings that was used across the United States throughout the 19th century. He described his system in great detail in his influential work, On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane with Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment (1854).</p><br>
<p>Overcrowding had become a problem in the original Pennsylvania Asylum for the Insane by the 1850s, so Kirkbride lobbied the Pennsylvania Hospital managers for an additional building. The situation offered him a unique opportunity to place his standardized concepts for mental hospital design and construction into effect at a facility under his control. The Pennsylvania Hospital’s Department for Males building was soon constructed along 49th Street, a short distance west from the original asylum. Completed in 1859, this huge structure consisted of several wings extending from a main central building. It introduced many innovations in terms of spaciousness, airiness and light, that were subsequently widely reproduced in other facilities. Young architect Samuel Sloan, Kirkbride&#39;s friend and collaborator, designed the Neoclassical style building.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Mental health services at the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital continued to expand throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. But by the mid-20th century, the 1841 hospital building proved unusable for this purpose and was demolished in 1959. All treatment moved to the Department for Males building in 1959. That structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Institute was located in what is now the Mill Creek neighborhood of Philadelphia. It continued operations until 1997 when, in the face of shrinking revenues from insurance providers, Pennsylvania Hospital sold the property and moved its mental health services back to the main hospital campus at 8th and Spruce Streets. Three tall housing projects and a multi-purpose social-service facility were built near the site of the 1841 hospital. Other parts of the property were sold for commercial and residential development in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>21st century</h2><br>
<p>The remaining Department for Males building is now the Kirkbride Center, a part of the Blackwell Human Services Campus. It houses the West Philadelphia ACES Charter School, Pennsylvania Hospitals Mill Creek School, Philadelphia Health Management Corporations Adolescent Residential Treatment Center, and a Travelers Aids emergency family shelter.</p><br>
<p>The Scottsburg Depot is a historic railroad depot located at Scottsburg, Scott County, Indiana. It was built in 1872 by the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, costing almost $1,492. It is a one-story, Stick Style frame building with board and batten siding and a projecting agents window. Its presence influenced the location of Scottsburg in 1874, as the town was named for the railroads General Superintendent, Horace Scott. It was built specifically for both passenger and freight cargo. Inside there was separate waiting rooms for men and women. It is one of the last structures of its kind still standing in Indiana.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, but was moved one block north to its present location to help preserve it. With federal transportation funds, it was restored. In 1996 it became the Scottsburg Heritage Station.</p><br>
<p>File:Scottsburg_Depot_2.jpgSoutheast view of depot</p><br>
<p>The Scott County Home is a historic county home located one mile south of Scottsburg, Scott County, Indiana. The original County Home was built in 1872 to replace the previous County Home located in Lexington, Indiana. Also known as the "Poor Farm", the County Home was originally a frame house, but was replaced with the current brick structure in 1892. The County Home was used to house the poor, indigent and physically and mentally handicapped. In 1973 the Home was no longer in use, though various agencies maintained offices there. Vacated by Scott County in 1997 when the Scott County Courthouse addition and renovation was completed, the property was give to Preservation Alliance, Inc. for the purpose of establishing a county museum. In 2001 it became the Scott County Heritage Center and Museum. Today the Museum hosts local exhibits related to Scott County history, such as the Pigeon Roost Massacre, General John Hunt Morgan&#39;s Raid, and the Marshfield train robbery by the Reno Brothers.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Investigator Strait is a body of water in South Australia lying between the Yorke Peninsula, on the Australian mainland, and Kangaroo Island. It was named by Matthew Flinders after his ship, HMS Investigator, on his voyage of 1801–1802. It is bordered by the Gulf St Vincent in the northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and exploration</h2><br>
<p>It was named Investigator’s Strait by Flinders on Monday 29 March 1802.</p><br>
<h2>Extent</h2><br>
<p>Investigator Strait is bounded by Yorke Peninsula to its north and by Kangaroo Island to its south. Flinders identified its boundaries with the following adjoining bodies of water - Gulf St Vincent and Backstairs Passage. The Strait’s boundary with Gulf St Vincent is the line from Troubridge Point on Yorke Peninsula to Cape Jervis on Fleurieu Peninsula. Its boundary with Backstairs Passage is the line from Cape Jervis on Fleurieu Peninsula to Kangaroo Head (west of Penneshaw) on Kangaroo Island. Flinders noted that Backstairs Passage is a body of water separate to Investigator Strait. The boundary between the strait and Nepean Bay on the north-east coast of Kangaroo Island is a line between Point Marsden and Kangaroo Head. The Strait’s western boundary by definition is the line from Cape Spencer on Yorke Peninsula to Cape Borda on Kangaroo Island.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>A number of protected areas are located both within and adjoining the Strait’s extent.</p><br>
<h3>Aquatic reserves</h3><br>
<p>Troubridge Hill west of Troubridge Point on the south coast of Yorke Peninsula.</p><br>
<h3>Marine parks</h3><br>
<p>Southern Spencer Gulf Marine Park - the west end of the strait including the coasts of both Yorke Peninsula and Kangaroo Island.</p><br>
<p>Lower Yorke Peninsula Marine Park - east end of the strait adjoining the south coast of Yorke Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Western Kangaroo Island Marine Park - west end of the strait adjoining the north coast of Kangaroo Island.</p><br>
<p>Encounter Marine Park covers the east end of the strait including its boundaries with Nepean Bay and Backstairs Passage.</p><br>
<h3>National parks and other reserves</h3><br>
<p>The following reserves are located on the south coast of Yorke Peninsula (from west to east):</p><br>
<p>Innes National Park (includes Chinamans Hat Island)</p><br>
<p>Point Davenport Conservation Park</p><br>
<p>The following reserves are located on the north coast of Kangaroo Island (from west to east):</p><br>
<p>Flinders Chase National Park</p><br>
<p>Cape Torrens Wilderness Protection Area</p><br>
<p>Western River Wilderness Protection Area</p><br>
<p>The following reserve is located on Althorpe Islands, Haystack Island and Seal Island at the north-west end of the strait:</p><br>
<p>Althorpe Islands Conservation Park</p><br>
<p>Artle Beck is a minor river of Lancashire.</p><br>
<p>Rising at the confluence of Udale Beck and Foxdale Beck below Fosdale Bridge and Udale Bridge near Crossgill, Artle Beck flows northwest through steep-sided woodland, passing beneath Raven Scar on its way to Gresgarth Hall.</p><br>
<p>From there, the beck continues north, skirting around the village of Caton before meeting the River Lune opposite Halton Park.</p><br>
<p>The beck is dammed at Gresgarth Hall and feeds a mill leat which runs separately through Caton. Two of the (originally three) mills are still standing but have been converted for other uses. The leat empties separately into the Lune at Low Mill about half a mile downstream from the mouth of Artle Beck itself.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Foxdale Beck commences at Foxdale Head at High Stephens Head and flows northwest, being joined by Rushbed Gutter and Whitespout Gutter, draining the north side of Wards Stone. The beck continues through Littledale, passing Littledale Hall, where it is joined by Ragill Beck (flowing down from Haylot Fell and fed by Closegill Beck), before continuing through Crossgill (and fed by Crossgill Beck), beneath which it passes under Fosdale Bridge to meet Udale Beck.</p><br>
<p>Udale Beck rises on the Black Side of Ward&#39;s Stone, flowing north-by-northwest towards Blanch Fell, before moving northwest and picking up several tributaries, including Oval Syke, which emerges from a tarn high on Clougha. Continuing down Littledale, the beck is joined by Bellhill Clough near a ford and Sweet Beck. From there, Udale Beck travels northwards through woodland and under Udale Bridge, below which it joins Foxdale Beck.</p><br>
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<p>Assinins is a historic district consisting of several buildings that were originally a school and orphanage, located in Assinins, Michigan. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Assinins was founded in 1843 by Bishop Frederic Baraga, who came to the area at the invitation of Chief Edward Assinins. Assinins was the first person to be baptized at the site. Baraga built the Old St. Joseph Orphanage and School on the site in 1860; wings were added to the building in 1866 and 1877. After the Civil War, Baraga gave the complex&#39;s land and buildings to Chief Assinins and the Keweenaw band of the Chippewa Native Americans. The orphanage housed both Native American and European children; a larger orphanage was built on the site in 1929. In 1957, the complex was rededicated as the Sacred Heart Friary by the Capuchin Fathers as their novitiate until the late 1960s. The site was then used as the KBIC tribal Center and was later torn down.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The complex at Assinins is one of the earliest Catholic missions in the Upper Peninsula associated with Bishop Frederic Baraga, and served as an important link for establishing rapport between the local Ottawa and Chippewa tribes and settlers arriving from the east. Baraga helped the local tribes to establish recognized self-governance, and to purchase land in their own names, establishing the tribe&#39;s members as local citizens. The site holds some of the oldest structures in the area, and Bishop Baraga wrote some of his best-known works, including a book on Chippewa grammar and a Chippewa dictionary, while staying in Assinins.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site at Assinins originally consisted of multiple buildings, including over 15 log cabins, spread over approximately 500 acre. It currently consists of a school building (now used as a warehouse) and several orphanage buildings. The largest structure is the Old St. Joseph Orphanage and School, which stands three stories tall, and is built of rubble with a dormered gable roof. Nearby is a cemetery holding the graves of missionaries Father Gerhard Terhorst, Monsignor Melchior Faust, Father John Henn, and Father Anthony Vermare.</p><br>
<p>The Scottsburg Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Scottsburg, Scott County, Indiana. The district encompasses 48 contributing buildings and 8 contributing objects in the central business district of Scottsburg centered on the Scott County Courthouse. It developed between about 1873 and 1952, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Gothic Revival, and Stick Style / Eastlake Movement style architecture. The courthouse was built in 1873-1874 after the decision was made to finally locate the county seat of Scott County into a central location within the county, which caused the founding of Scottsburg. Located in the district is the separately listed Scottsburg Depot. Other notable contributing resources include the Town Tavern , A&P Grocery , Corner Drugstore , Harmon Building , City Hall , Nappers Hospital , Scott Theatre , Scott County Public  Library , Scott County Bank , Prossers Hardware , and a statue of William Hayden English .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Escambe  was a Spanish Franciscan mission built in the 17th century in the Florida Panhandle, three miles northwest of the present-day town of Tallahassee, Florida. It was part of Spain&#39;s effort to colonize the region, and convert the Timucuan and Apalachee Indians to Christianity. The mission lasted until 1704, when it was destroyed by a group of Creek Indians and South Carolinians.</p><br>
<p>The site where the original mission stood was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1971.</p><br>
<p>San Damián de Cupaica was founded in 1639, the third Spanish mission in Apalachee Province. San Damián survived James Moore&#39;s invasion of Apalachee_Province in January 1704, but was captured by Creek warriors in June 1704. When the Spanish abandoned their headquarters in San Luis de Talimali later that year, leaving all of the Apalachee Province unprotected, residents of Cupaica joined other Apalachees, Chactatos and Yemassees in migrating to the area of Pensacola, Florida.</p><br>
<p>A later mission named San Joseph de Escambe was established in 1741 at the present-day community of Molino, Florida along the Escambia River north of Pensacola, lending its name both to the river and later to Escambia County, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The Turner River Site is an archaeological site in the Ten Thousand Islands region of Everglades National Park, in Florida. It is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Turner River Site is a large shell works site.5 mi from the mouth of the Turner River, near Chokoloskee Island. The site covers 30 acre and is.25 mi long. It has at least 30 closely spaced mounds. The site was the first in the Ten Thousand Islands area to be excavated by professional archaeologists.</p><br>
<p>The Turner River Site came to the attention of archaeologists in 1900. Aleš Hrdlička visited the site in 1918. He declared it to be "important to science", and urged that it be made a "national reservation." William H. Sears conducted the first excavation by a professional archaeologist in 1955. He noted structural features similar to those found at Key Marco and Chokoloskee Island, and concluded that the region was an "important prehistoric population center." Sears found muck with midden materials between the mounds and on the lower slopes of the mounds, but the bulk of the mounds were clean shell deposits, almost entirely made up of small oyster shells, which had been placed on submerged mud flats. Based on dating of potsherds found at the site, Sears concluded that the residents of the site had lived on the edge of the river, moving the village towards the water as the mounds built up behind them. All of the potsherds collected at the site were assigned to the Glades I and II periods, placing occupation of the site in the period from about 200 or 100 BCE to 800 or 900 CE.</p><br>
<p>The Turner River Site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>The Arcadia Sawmill and Arcadia Cotton Mill  is a historic site a mile southwest of Milton, Florida, United States. On August 3, 1987, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the early 19th century industrial water-powered mill complex are now part of the Arcadia Mill Archaeological Site, which is managed by the West Florida Historic Preservation. There is a visitor center and museum with exhibits about the site, and an elevated boardwalk through the archaeological remains of the complex and adjacent swamp.</p><br>
<p>The West Florida Historic Preservation, part of the University of West Florida, also manages Historic Pensacola Village, the T.T. Wentworth, Jr. Florida State Museum, and the Pensacola Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Bell House is a historic house and National Historic Landmark at 70 Perry Street  in Newport, Rhode Island. Also known as Edna Villa, it is one of the outstanding examples of Shingle Style architecture in the United States. It was designed by McKim, Mead, and White, and built during the Gilded Age, when Newport was the summer resort of choice for America&#39;s wealthiest families.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Isaac Bell Jr. was a successful cotton broker and investor, and the brother-in-law of James Gordon Bennett Jr., publisher of the New York Herald. Bell hired the New York architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White (Charles Follen McKim, William R. Mead, and Stanford White) to design his summer cottage. Known in Newport for designing Newport Casino, and later in Boston for designing Boston Public Library, they also designed the famous Pennsylvania Station in New York. Construction took place between 1881 and 1883.</p><br>
<p>The Shingle Style was pioneered by Henry Hobson Richardson in his design for the William Watts Sherman House, also in Newport. This style of Victorian architecture was popular in the late nineteenth century and named after the extensive use of wooden shingles on the exterior. The Isaac Bell House exemplifies the style through its unpainted wood shingles, simple window & trim details, and multiple porches. It combines elements of the English Arts and Crafts movement philosophy, colonial American detailing, and features a Japanese-inspired open floor plan and bamboo-style porch columns. Interior features include inglenook fireplaces, natural rattan wall coverings, wall paneling and narrow-band wooden floors.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s history includes being split up into apartments and serving as a nursing home. With the help of Carol Chiles Ballard, the house was bought in 1994 by the Preservation Society of Newport County, which won awards for its restoration, and which now operates it as a house museum.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Bell House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Anhinga Trail is a short trail  in the Everglades National Park. Located 4 miles from the park entrance, it starts at the Royal Palm Visitor Center. The trail is a paved walkway and a boardwalk over Taylor Slough, a freshwater sawgrass marsh. Abundant wildlife is visible from the trail, including alligators, turtles, anhingas, herons, and egrets. it is one of the most popular trails in the Park. On November 5, 1996, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, tourists witnessed a fight between an alligator and a Burmese python which went on for 24 hours, until a larger alligator joined the fight and the snake escaped. Video and news coverage of the fight was widespread and brought attention to the spread of the python, an invasive species, in the Everglades.</p><br>
<p>The Josslyn Island Site is an archaeological site composed of a shell mound in Lee County, Florida, United States.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1983, the shell mound was cleared and mapped by archaeologists from the Southwest Florida Archaeological Society, operating with funds donated by Don Randell, the owner. It was revealed to cover an area of approximately 4 hectare, and some parts of the mound reached a height of more than 5 m. Most of the shells in the mound are those of whelks and conchs; noticeably absent are oyster and clam shells. Although the dates of the shells are unknown, they are believed to have been deposited by Calusa peoples during or soon before European contact.</p><br>
<p>The mound has only rarely been visited since the beginning of the twentieth century; except for a few non-archaeologists who attempted to excavate the site, the 1983 survey was the first known human visit since the site was recorded in 1896. Seeing the high state of preservation in which the Josslyn Island Shell Mound exists, researchers have proposed that it may hold significant stores of knowledge about its creators. In recognition of its archaeological value, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is one of eight Lee County archaeological sites to be included on the Register.</p><br>
<p>Llanerchaeron, known as "Llanayron House" to its nineteenth-century occupants, is a grade I listed mansion on the River Aeron, designed and built in 1795 by John Nash for Major  William Lewis as a model, self-sufficient farm complex located near Ciliau Aeron, some 2½ miles south-east of Aberaeron, Ceredigion, Wales. There is evidence that the house replaced an earlier mansion. A later owner, William Lewes was the husband of Colonel Lewis&#39;s inheriting daughter."John and Eliza were the children of William Lewis and Corbetta Williama Powell.</p><br>
<p>The estate passed to Eliza, who married William Lewes and it was their great grandson,</p><br>
<p>John Powell Ponsonby who left the estate to the National Trust in 1989".&mdash;From the Coflein Heritage assessment available in External links below.</p><br>
<p>The estate is now in the care of the National Trust. The neighbouring parish church of St Non&mdash;also redesigned by Nash&mdash;has registers of baptisms and burials dating from 1730 and marriages from 1754.</p><br>
<h2>Service facilities</h2><br>
<p>Much of the historical value derives from the indifference shown by past owners to the farm and outbuildings, which were allowed to remain unimproved and generally untouched with no attempt to demolish or renovate them. As a result it is easy to see and infer exactly where and how essential tasks were performed, often aided by advanced technology, including electricity generated by a water-wheel.</p><br>
<p>The service facilities include a large laundry and linen-care room, spaces for brewing, butter and cheese making, preparation and salting or smoking of meat and fish, preservation of fruits and vegetables and a full range of crafts. The estate employed carpenters and a full-time stonemason who designed and built whole buildings as well as overseeing the construction of walls, drying platforms and other farm requisites.</p><br>
<h2>Walled gardens</h2><br>
<p>Llanerchaerons walled gardens are home to dozens of veteran fruit trees, some 200 years old, which are part of the working farms ongoing organic production. These trees are also important hosts for all kinds of insects, mosses and lichens and, coupled with the traditional vegetable and herbaceous flower beds, they are a significant wildlife habitat.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>The estate&#39;s former tenant farmland has now mostly been sold but the house and a considerable area of farm, garden and parkland are opened to the public at limited hours for most of the year on Wednesdays through Sundays, and on other days in a late-summer high season. The Dylan Thomas Trail also passes the estate.</p><br>
<p>Llanercheron estate hosted some 100,000 visitors to the 2010 youth cultural festival, the Urdd National Eisteddfod, held between 31 May and 5 June 2010. This compared with the normal attendance rate of about 35,000 visitors annually.</p><br>
<p>Work in preparation for the Eisteddfod was temporarily halted by the discovery of medieval relics below the ground. This tallied with established knowledge of a large medieval settlement. (See reference below.) There were also anxieties over the possibility of disturbing the habitat of otters.</p><br>
<h2>St Non Church</h2><br>
<p>The parish church of Llannerch Aeron dates back to at least 1284 in the reign of Edward I, when there was a large medieval village in the adjoining parkland which seems to have been deserted around 1500. The cost of the churchs remodelling (forty pounds) was met by parishioners, underwritten by Major Lewis. There is no documentation to prove the work was designed by John Nash but it was discussed by a minuted public vestry meeting in 1796, within a year of the completion of Llanayron House. Nash is known to have at least aided design of other peripheral buildings, a ministers house and a coachman&#39;s house not far from the church. The internal restoration of the church was paid for in 1878 by Mary Ashby Lewis, the daughter-in-law of William Lewis, who was widowed for 62 years and died in 1917 aged 104. When her husband John had been interred in the family vault on 13 July 1855, it was diaried by an Aberaeron chemist that "There were nine other coffins there; some had been there over 100 years". Since the 1920 disestablishment, the church belongs to the Church in Wales.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h3>Principal sources</h3><br>
<p>Evans N, The Llanerchaeron Estate; The built environments, building descriptions and evaluations (1998): unpublished document, National Trust</p><br>
<p>Laidlaw R & Palmer C Historic park and garden survey, Llanerchaeron (1998): unpublished document, National Trust</p><br>
<p>Lloyd T, Untitled paper (1990): with Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments, Cardiff</p><br>
<p>Tithe Award Survey and Schedule of Apportionments (1839): National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.</p><br>
<p>Evans Mair Lloyd Llanerchaeron, a tale of 10 generations 1634-1989 (1996).</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Gammack, Helene National Trust publication</p><br>
<p>Daws Castle  is a sea cliff hill fort just west of Watchet, a harbour town in Somerset, England. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>The name comes from Thomas Dawe, who owned castell field in 1537.</p><br>
<p>The fort is situated on an east-west cliff about 80 m above the sea, on a tapering spur of land bounded by the Washford River to the south, as it flows to the sea at Watchet, about 1 km east. The ramparts of the fort would have formed a semicircle backing on to the sheer cliffs, but coastal erosion has reduced the size of the enclosure, and later destruction by farming, limekilns, and the B3191 road, have left only about 300 m of ramparts visible today.</p><br>
<p>The fort may be of Iron Age origin, but was (re)built and fortified as a burh by King Alfred, as part of his defense against Viking raids from the Bristol Channel around 878 AD. It would have been one of a chain of forts and coastal lookout posts, connected by the Herepath, or military road, which allowed Alfred to move his army along the coast, covering Viking movements at sea.</p><br>
<p>Excavations have revealed a first phase of defence with a mortared wall fronting an earth bank from this period. Then a second phase of defence in late 9th or early 10th centuries, also against Viking invaders.</p><br>
<p>In the Burghal Hidage of 919, nearby Watchet is attributed 513 hides, which converts to a defensive perimeter of 645 m. It is not clear whether this refers to the walls of the town, or of Daw&#39;s Castle high on the cliff above.</p><br>
<p>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records a Viking raid on Watchet in 914, but they were defeated with great slaughter... so that few of them came away, except those only who swam out to the ships.</p><br>
<p>There was a plundering raid in 987, and another in 997, with much evil wrought in burning and manslaughter.</p><br>
<p>A Saxon mint was established at Watchet in 1035, and this was probably within the fort, rather than in the town below.</p><br>
<p>The White Lady is a rock painting, located on a panel, also depicting other art work, on a small rock overhang, deep within Brandberg Mountain. The giant granite monolith located in Damaraland and called The Brandberg is Namibias highest mountain. Its German name is Weiße Dame&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The painting has long been an archaeological dilemma, and several different hypotheses have been put forth on its origins, authorship and dating. It is now usually accepted to be a bushmen painting, dating back at least 2000 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>The "White Lady" archaeological site is located close to the road from Khorixas to Hentie&#39;s Bay, in the area of Uis, on the Brandberg Massif. The Brandberg itself hosts over 1.000 bushmen paintings, scattered around in rock shelters and caves. The "White Lady Group" is found in a cave known as "Maack Shelter" and portrays several human figures as well as oryxes, on a rock panel measuring about 5.5 m x 1.5 m. The "White Lady" is the most detailed human figure in the group, and measures about 39.5 cm x 29 cm. To reach The White Lady it is necessary to hike for about 45-60 minutes over rough terrain, along the gorge of the - normally - dry Tsisab river.</p><br>
<p>It is usually assumed that the painting shows some sort of ritual dance, and that the "White Lady" is a shamanism. She has white legs and arms, which may suggest that his body was painted or that he was wearing some sort of decorative attachments on his legs and arms. He holds a bow in one hand and perhaps a goblet in the other. Because of the bow and the oryxes, the painting has also been interpreted as a hunting scene. Apart from the shaman/lady, the other human figures have less detail, and are mostly completely black or completely white. One of the oryxes has human legs. The painting was probably made of ochre, charcoal, manganese, hematite, with blood serum, egg white and casein used as binding agents.</p><br>
<p>The painting has undergone severe damage since it was first "discovered" in the early 20th century. For a few decades, tourists used to pour water on the painting to make the colors more clearly visible in their pictures, thus causing the painting to fade quickly. The site is now a protected heritage site of Namibia, and visiting is only permitted with official guides. Bags and bottles are NOT allowed at the far end of the trail, for a better protection of the paintings.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to many tourists protests, the metal wire netting has been replaced by only 2 metal bars, for a much better view.</p><br>
<h2>Finding and interpretation controversy</h2><br>
<p>The White Lady was first discovered in 1918 by German explorer and topographer Reinhard Maack as he was surveying the Brandberg. Maack was impressed by the main figure of the painting, which he described as "a warrior". In his notes, he wrote that "the Egyptian-Mediterranean style of all the figures is surprising". He made several hand-drawn copies of the painting, which were later published in Europe.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, Maack&#39;s notes came into the hands of the well-known French anthropologist Henri Breuil while he was visiting Cape Town. Breuil noted analogies between the White Lady and paintings of athletes found in Knossos (Crete), and suggested that the Brandberg might have been visited by a group of travelers coming from the Mediterranean area. It was Breuil who first referred to the painting as "the white lady". In 1945 Breuil could finally visit the White Lady site, and published his theories on the Mediterranean origin of the painting first in South Africa and then in Europe.</p><br>
<p>Breuil&#39;s arguments were influential of several later hypotheses concerning the painting, some of which suggested that it could be Phoenician in origin.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the 20th century, most theories on Mediterranean influences on the ancient history of subsaharan Africa (like those about Great Zimbabwe being "non-African" in origin) were gradually dismissed. Accordingly, modern studies on the White Lady are usually based on the simpler assumption that it is a bushman painting just like the thousands other painted figures of the Brandberg. Damaraland is very rich in bushman rock art sites, including, for example, Twyfelfontein.</p><br>
<p>Fletcher Place is a historic district and neighborhood in the city of Indianapolis, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is clearly defined by I-70/I-65 to the south. East Street defines the neighborhood to the west. The northern border of the neighborhood is South Street in some places, while it is Lord Street in others, Fletcher Avenue in some areas, and even Bates Street in a few other spots. The eastern border of the neighborhood is Virginia Avenue in some places, while it is I-65 in a few spots, and Calvary Street in a few areas.</p><br>
<p>Fletcher Place is surrounded by the Wholesale District to the north, Eli Lilly and Company to the west, Bates-Hendricks neighborhood to the south, and Fountain Square neighborhood to the east and southeast.</p><br>
<p>Fletcher Place is the home to a few of Indianapolis keynote restaurants: The Milano Inn, The Bosphors, Nick Iarias, Dunaways, and Bluebeard. Additionally, Eli Lilly and Company and Anthem have their world headquarters bordering Fletcher Place, making it a magnet neighborhood for Indianapolis health-care industry professionals.</p><br>
<h2>Fletcher Place Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Fletcher Place Historic District is a 40.5 acre national historic district in the neighborhood that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lyell is a mountain on the Alberta-British Columbia border, in western Canada. It is located on the Great Divide, which forms the BC-Alberta boundary in this area, in Banff National Park. The mountain is the highest in the Lyell Group, a subrange of the Central Icefields in the Canadian Rockies.</p><br>
<p>The peak has a height of 3,504 m. In 1972, five distinct peaks on Mt. Lyell were named for Swiss mountain guides. On the interprovincial boundary are Christian Peak, Ernest Peak, and Walter Peak named for Ernest Feuz, Walter Feuz and Christian Hässler. Located entirely in Alberta are Edward Peak and Rudolph Peak named for Edward Feuz and Rudolph Aemmer.</p><br>
<p>It marks the limit between the South Saskatchewan and Columbia watersheds.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named by James Hector in 1858 for the Scottish geologist Sir Charles Lyell.</p><br>
<p>The Appanoose County Courthouse is located in the county seat of Centerville, Iowa. The courthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. In 1997 it was listed as a contributing property in the Courthouse Square Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first structure used for court purposes in Appanoose County was also used as a storeroom and a blacksmith&#39;s shop. The first true courthouse was a 24 by structure built in 1848 for $160 in Centerville. After the county outgrew this building, court sessions were held in the Methodist and Presbyterian churches while another courthouse was built. It was a two-story, brick building built for $23,000. In 1891 it was declared unsafe and condemned.</p><br>
<p>The architects for the present courthouse was the Des Moines architectural firm Smith and Gage. In February 1903 the contract, exclusive of heating and plumbing, was awarded to William Peatman, the amount of his bid being $69,900. The cornerstone was laid on May 21, 1903. The courthouse was dedicated on September 12, 1904, and rededicated in a festive ceremony on September 12, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Looking Glass Falls is a waterfall in Western North Carolina, located near Brevard.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The name comes from nearby Looking Glass Rock, which resembles a wintertime mirror (or "looking glass") of sunlight, as water freezes on its sides and reflects the sun, and from the name of the stream from which the falls plunge, Looking Glass Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The waterway is Looking Glass Creek, which flows through the Pisgah National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Falls</h2><br>
<p>The falls are open to the public and are accessible on the side of USA Highway 276, approximately 5.6 miles north of the intersection of 276, USA Highway 64, and NC Highway 280 in Brevard, North Carolina. It is an extremely popular waterfall, due to ease of access to the falls directly on the side of the road. There is a path that leads to the plunge pool. During the winter when the falls freeze solid, they are popular Ice Climbing destination.</p><br>
<p>According to local Emergency Services personnel, there have been many injuries and deaths at the falls, mainly due to individuals who rock climb near the edge of the falls and accidentally fall in the plunge pool, or persons who jump in the plunge pool. Persons who visit Looking Glass Falls should take care to respect both basic safety rules and the fragile environment that exist at the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>Slick Rock Falls</p><br>
<p>Moore Cove Falls</p><br>
<p>Sliding Rock</p><br>
<p>Cedar Rock Falls</p><br>
<p>Cove Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Daniel Ridge Falls</p><br>
<p>Twin Falls</p><br>
<p>Log Hollow Falls</p><br>
<p>Falls on Log Hollow Branch</p><br>
<p>Key Falls</p><br>
<p>Wreck Pond is a coastal freshwater tidal pond located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is surrounded by Wall Township and the boroughs of Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights, and Sea Girt. The pond was originally connected to the sea by a small inlet and got its name because sailors would mistake it, in the dark, for the Manasquan Inlet, which is further south. This was alleviated by the building of the Sea Girt Lighthouse and stopped by the eventual filling in of the inlet.</p><br>
<p>The pond is the center of the Wreck Pond Watershed, which covers about 12 square miles in eastern Monmouth County. Its primary feeder streams are Wreck Pond Brook, Hurleys Pond Brook and Hannabrand Brook. Other bodies of water in the watershed include: Hurleys Pond, Osbornes Pond, Albert Pond and Old Mill Pond. It emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through an outfall pipe which regulates the tidal flow in and out of the pond. After Hurricane Sandy, it was discovered that the ocean had restored a natural inlet. An expanded and gated culvert was completed in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The lower reaches of the pond remain an important spawning ground for anadromous fish species including alewife herrings.</p><br>
<p>Some of the acres of land surrounding Wreck Pond are under public ownership and are protected from development. Other lands are considered freshwater wetlands and are protected from development by federal and New Jersey laws and regulations. The watershed is part of the South Coast Subwatershed Management Region.</p><br>
<p>The pond depth has decreased substantially over several years as sediments carried by feeder creeks and increased storm water runoff have settled into it. This has also caused the pond to become choked with fecal coliform bacteria. Much water flowing into the pond from storms causes the pond to flush into the Atlantic Ocean. This, in turn, often causes the closure of ocean beaches in Sea Girt and Spring Lake.</p><br>
<p>The source of the coliform contamination is debated. A recent study conducted by Prof. John Tiedemann of Monmouth University tracked the source of bacterial contaminents in the Wreck Pond Watershed. Tiedemann&#39;s group set up and monitored 12 stations throughout the watershed for a period of approximately two years. In this time, they determined that the major source of bacterial coliform contaminents is human waste. These contaminents may be introduced into the waterways via aging sewers, improperly capped septic systems, and illegal sewer connections. Recommendations are being prepared for distribution to municipalities throughout the watershed to assist the governing bodies in remediating problems within their jurisdictions.</p><br>
<p>The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection funded a partial dredging of Wreck Pond and the extension of the storm water runoff pipe about 100 yd farther into the ocean. While it was hoped this would prevent pollution from affecting beaches in neighboring towns, it has been determined that the effluvium from the pipe still washes up on local beaches. Additionally, Monmouth County has mandated that after a rainfall of 1/4" or more, the beaches are automatically closed.</p><br>
<p>The Wreck Pond Watershed Preservation Association, a group of local residents, environmental activists and government officials interested in preserving Wreck Pond, meets frequently to discuss issues with preserving the area.</p><br>
<p>Mount Airy, near Warsaw in Richmond County, Virginia, built in 1764, is a mid-Georgian plantation house, the first built in the manner of a neo-Palladian villa. It was constructed for Colonel John Tayloe II, perhaps the richest Virginia planter of his generation. Mount Airy is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark and on the Virginia Landmarks Register. Colonel John Tayloe II&#39;s son-in-law, Francis Lightfoot Lee—a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and his wife Rebecca Tayloe, are buried on the estate. Francis Lightfoot Lee was one member of the only pair of brothers to sign the Declaration, with Richard Henry Lee being the other. Mount Airy was first and foremost a stud horse farm and department head for 10-12 separate slave plantations along the Rappahannock River comprising some 60,000 acres, and is still privately owned by the Tayloe family.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Mount Airy is composed of a massive two-story central block above a high basement, 69 ft long and 47 ft deep, two curving one-story passageways, and two 36 ft-square two-story end dependencies set forward. The five-part unit, 128 ft long, encloses three sides of a semi-circular forecourt. This court is raised by a low terrace above the entrance drive and is reached by cut and molded stone steps, flanked by elaborate carved stone vases on pedestals. Set on a ridge, the house commands a wide view of the Rappahannock River Valley. The 3 ft walls of the central unit are made of dark-brown sandstone, carefully hewn and laid in courses of random height, with architectural trim in light-colored limestone. It is possible that the exterior may originally have been stuccoed though no trace remains. The north or entrance façade is approached from the forecourt by a flight of steps leading to a recessed loggia, whose square columns, faced with four Roman Doric pilasters, define three rectilinear openings. The projecting central pavilion is of rusticated limestone, with three windows in the second story and a crowning pediment. The south or garden facade is almost identical in composition except that the three entrances in the pavilion are spanned by round arches with heavily marked voussoirs and keystones, and the upper windows are unframed. The other windows are framed by stone architraves and sills, and the limestone belt course and rusticated angle quoins are very prominent. The existing broad hip roof, pierced by four interior chimneys located near the ridge, is a replacement of the original roof, possibly a hip-on-hip that was destroyed by fire in 1844.</p><br>
<p>The south or rear elevation was undoubtedly taken directly from Plate LVIII of James Gibbs Book of Architecture and the north elevation was less directly derived from a plate of Haddo House in Scotland, shown in William Adams Vitruvius Scoticus.</p><br>
<p>The two stone two-story dependencies have hipped roofs and central chimneys and their corners are given the same quoin treatment as the main house. The connecting passageways, also of stone, are quadrants covered with shed roofs that are concealed from the north or front. At the junction with the central block, the roofs of the connections are stepped up to allow entrances to the main floor of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The shaped terraced levels of its gardens are still clearly visible beneath its modern covering of lawn. Mount Airy has the earliest surviving Orangery in North America. A thriving organic vegetable and flower garden exists there today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land where Mount Airy is situated was owned by the Tayloe family of Virginia for over one hundred years when Colonel John Tayloe II, a fourth generation tobacco planter, began construction of the house. The project was started around 1748 with completion in 1758 and was actually a horse farm first and foremost. Tayloe used reference books of the day to incorporate architectural themes that give Mount Airy a feeling of strength. Several of racing heritage&#39;s greatest horses lived and were bred while at Mount Airy and owned or partly owned by John Tayloe II and they included; Sir Archy, Selima and Grey Diomed. The original stable and a few outbuildings including a smokehouse and dairy/ice-house survive to this day. The house has passed through ownership several times, but has always remained within the Tayloe family. Formerly owned by Mrs. H. Gwin Tayloe, Jr. (died 3 June 2011) it is now owned by Mr. John Tayloe Emery, Sr. and is still a private family residence. It owns a commanding view of the Rappahannock River valley perched upon a small hill looking westward towards the town of Tappahannock.</p><br>
<p>Col. Tayloe&#39;s son-in-law Francis Lightfoot Lee, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was housed nearby, in a house built for him by Col. Tayloe, Menokin Plantation. The grave of Lee and his wife are located in the Tayloe family cemetery, approximately 300 yd from Mount Airy.</p><br>
<p>John Tayloe II and III, subsequently William Henry Tayloe, operated Mount Airy as a successful horse stud farm. John Tayloe II owned Hero, Juniper, Single Peeper, Yorick, Traveller, Nonpareil, and imported Jenny Cameron, Jolly Roger and Childers to Virginia, three of the most important colonial imports. The first race of note, of which we have any account, was won by Col Taskers imported mare Selima, when six years old, at Annapolis in May 1752. In December of that year, at Gloucester, VA, Selima beat Col William Byrds "Trial", Col Tayloes "Jenny Cameron" &"Childers" and Col Thorntons "Unnamed"--a sweepstakes, 500 pistoles, four mile heats. This race marks the beginning of the competition between Maryland and Virginia in the history of American turf.</p><br>
<p>In April, 1766, Col Tayloes "Traveller" won with ease, beating Col Lewis Burwell III of Kingsmill Plantations "John Dismal" and Mr Francis Whitings "Janus." In October Col Tayloes "Hero" won the purse, beating Col William Byrds "Trial" & "Valiant," and Mr Richard Henry Lees "Mark Anthony." In November, at Chestertown, Maryland, a purse of 100 pistoles was run for by the two most celebrated horses on the turf, Col Tayloes Virginia Horse "Yorick" and Sam Galloway of Tulip Hills Maryland horse "Selim" (by Selima. In May, 1767, Col Tayloe won the "50 Pistoles Purse" with his horse Traveller near Annapolis against: "Trial" Mr Bullen, "Regulus" Mr Calvert, and "Ranger" (Dr. Hamilton). In the spring of 1769, Capt Littleberry Hardyman again won the purse with "Mark Anthony," beating John Tayloes "Nonpareil" and Nathaniel Wlthoes "Fanny Murray." In the fall of 1774, at Fredericksburg John Tayloes "Single Peeper" won the 50 Pound Purse beating Benjamin Grymes "Miss Spot," Walker Tailaferros "Valiant," Spotswoods "Fearnaught," Charles Jones "Regulus," Procters "Jenny Bottom," Robert Slaughters "Ariel" and Peter Presley Thornton&#39;s "Ariel."</p><br>
<p>A fire in 1844 gutted the house and destroyed most of the William Buckland wood work, it was rebuilt within its shell of brown sandstone with limestone quoins. The original floor plan was preserved during the reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Taken from New York Times Sunday Book Review, January 2, 2015, Richard Dunns A Tale of Two Plantations&#39; a comparison and contrasting of Mesopotamia Plantation on Jamaica and Mount Airy Plantation in Virginia: In Virginia, John Tayloe III, master of Mount Airy from 1792 to 1828, bred horses and slaves. The horses he raced, earning him the reputation “as the leading Virginia turfman of his generation.” The slaves he worked and sold. “There were,” Author Richard Dunn counts, “252 recorded slave births and 142 slave deaths at Mount Airy between 1809 and 1828, providing John III with 110 extra slaves.” These slaves treatment Dunn notes, comparatively to Mas Tayloe, a fourth-generation enslaver, moved some of these surplus people around his other Virginia holdings and transferred others to his sons. The rest he sold, providing Tayloe with both needed capital and an opportunity to cull unproductive workers, keeping his labor force fit and young.</p><br>
<p>Tayloe’s son, William Henry, took over Mount Airy in 1828, and its slave population continued to increase, even as depleted soil led to crop shortfalls and declining profits. So where the Barhams responded to their demographic crisis by buying more slaves and intensifying production, the new master of Mount Airy opted for expansion. He struck out west with his brothers, acquiring cotton fields in Alabama. Between 1833 and 1862, William Henry moved a total of 218 slaves from white-fenced Virginia to the Cotton South’s slave frontier, a distance of 800 miles. Many of these captives were teenagers, “of the right age to learn how to pick cotton.” By this point, with the Atlantic slave trade closed, Virginia had become a net slave exporter; in the early 19th century, there were fewer than a million enslaved people in the United States, mostly concentrated in the coastal and piedmont South. Four decades later, there were four times as many, spread from Charleston to Texas, from Mount Airy to west-central Alabama, where William Henry Tayloe established his new estates.</p><br>
<p>The New York Times writes, "Within the book Richard Dunn identifies three reasons Mesopotamia’s slaves couldn’t reproduce themselves: deadly body-wasting diseases, a poor diet and an onerous work regime. He is careful, though, to highlight the brutality of both plantations, especially the casualness with which the Tayloes broke up the families of slaves, either as punishment or to maximize the effectiveness of their labor. Dunn’s prose can be bracing in its understatement: “The extraordinarily large number of deaths,” he writes, “strongly suggests that the managers of Mesopotamia had been overtaxing their workers.”"</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Mount Airy is a private house in the Tayloe family and is not open to the public. The Tayloe family papers are at the Virginia Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Mount Airy was featured in a HGTV show based on the restoration work done to the West Wing of the manor house. The show called, American Rehab Virginia (née Colonial Rehab) was produced by Magnetic Productions and began airing in 2015, reruns can be found on HGTV and DIY Network.</p><br>
<h2>Listing on National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>Mount Airy was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. It was identified as a National Historic Landmark on October 9, 1960.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Aphaia  or Afea is located within a sanctuary complex dedicated to the goddess Aphaia on the Greek island of Aigina, which lies in the Saronic Gulf. Formerly known as the Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, the great Doric temple is now recognized as dedicated to the mother-goddess Aphaia. It was a favorite of the neoclassical and romantic artists such as J. M. W. Turner. It stands on a c. 160 m peak on the eastern side of the island approximately 13 km east by road from the main port.</p><br>
<p>Aphaia (Greek Ἀφαία) was a Greek goddess who was worshipped exclusively at this sanctuary. The extant temple of c. 500 BC was built over the remains of an earlier temple of c. 570 BC, which was destroyed by fire c. 510 BC. The elements of this destroyed temple were buried in the infill for the larger, flat terrace of the later temple, and are thus well preserved. Abundant traces of paint remain on many of these buried fragments. There may have been another temple in the 7th century BC, also located on the same site, but it is thought to have been much smaller and simpler in terms of both plan and execution. Significant quantities of Late Bronze Age figurines have been discovered at the site, including proportionally large numbers of female figurines (kourotrophoi), indicating – perhaps – that cult activity at the site was continuous from the 14th century BC, suggesting a Minoan connection for the cult. The last temple is of an unusual plan and is also significant for its pedimental sculptures, which are thought to illustrate the change from Archaic to Early Classical technique. These sculptures are on display in the Glyptothek of Munich, with a number of fragments located in the museums at Aigina and on the site itself.</p><br>
<h2>Exploration and archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The periegetic writer Pausanias briefly mentions the site in his writings of the 2nd century AD, but does not describe the sanctuary in detail as he does for many others.Description of Greece 2.30.3</p><br>
<p>On Aigina as one goes toward the mountain of Pan-Greek Zeus, the sanctuary of Aphaia comes up, for whom Pindar composed an ode at the behest of the Aeginetans. The Cretans say (the myths about her are native to Crete) that Euboulos was the son of Karmanor, who purified Apollo of the killing of the Python, and they say that Britomaris was the daughter of Zeus and Karme (the daughter of this Euboulos). She enjoyed races and hunts and was particularly dear to Artemis. While fleeing from Minos, who lusted after her, she cast herself into nets cast for a catch of fish. Artemis made her a goddess, and not only the Cretans but also the Aeginetans reverence her. The Aeginetans say that Britomaris showed herself to them on their island. Her epithet among the Aeginetans is Aphaia, and it is Diktynna on Crete.</p><br>
<p>The temple was made known in Western Europe by the publication of the Antiquities of Ionia (London, 1797). In 1811, the young English architect Charles Robert Cockerell, finishing his education on his academic Grand Tour, and Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg removed the fallen fragmentary pediment sculptures. On the recommendation of Baron Carl Haller von Hallerstein, who was also an architect and, moreover, a protégé of the art patron Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, the marbles were shipped abroad and sold the following year to the Crown Prince, soon to be King Ludwig I of Bavaria. Minor excavations of the east peribolos wall were carried out in 1894 during reconstruction of the last temple.</p><br>
<p>Systematic excavations at the site were carried out in the 20th century by the German School in Athens, at first under the direction of Adolf Furtwängler. The area of the sanctuary was defined and studied during these excavations. The area under the last temple could not be excavated, however, because that would have harmed the temple. In addition, significant remains from the Bronze Age were detected in pockets in the rocky surface of the hill. From 1966 to 1979, an extensive second German excavation under Dieter Ohly was performed, leading to the discovery in 1969 of substantial remains of the older Archaic temple in the fill of the later terrace walls. Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner and Martha Ohly were also associated with this dig, which continued after the death of Dieter Ohly until 1988. Sufficient remains were recovered to allow a complete architectural reconstruction of the structure to be extrapolated; the remains of the entablature and pediment of one end of the older temple have been reconstructed in the on-site museum.</p><br>
<h2>Phases of the sanctuary</h2><br>
<p>The sanctuary of Aphaia was located on the top of a hill c. 160 m in elevation at the northeast point of the island. The last form of the sanctuary covered an area of c. 80 by 80 m; earlier phases were less extensive and less well defined.</p><br>
<h3>Bronze Age phase</h3><br>
<p>In its earliest phase of use during the Bronze Age, the eastern area of the hilltop was an unwalled, open-air sanctuary to a female fertility and agricultural deity. Bronze Age figurines outnumber remains of pottery. Open vessel forms are also at an unusually high proportion versus closed vessels. There are no known settlements or burials in the vicinity, arguing against the remains being due to either usage. Large numbers of small pottery chariots and thrones and miniature vessels have been found. Although there are scattered remains dating to the Early Bronze Age such as two seal stones, remains in significant quantities begin to be deposited in the Middle Bronze Age, and the sanctuary has its peak use in the LHIIIa2 through LHIIIb periods. It is less easy to trace the cult through the Sub-Mycenean period and into the Geometric where cult activity is once more reasonably certain.</p><br>
<h3>Late Geometric phase</h3><br>
<p>Furtwängler proposes three phases of building at the sanctuary, with the earliest of these demonstrated by an altar at the eastern end dating to c. 700 BC. Also securely known are a cistern at the northeast extremity and a structure identified as a treasury east of the propylon (entrance) of the sanctuary. The temple corresponding to these structures is proposed to be under the later temples and thus not able to be excavated. Furtwängler suggests that this temple is the oikos (house) referenced in a mid-7th-century BC inscription from the site as having been built by a priest for Aphaia; he hypothesizes that this house of the goddess (temple) was built of stone socles topped with mud brick upper walls and wooden entablature. The top of the hill was slightly modified to make it more level by wedging stones into the crevices of the rock.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic phase (Aphaia Temple I)</h3><br>
<p>Ohly detected a (stone socle and mudbrick upper level) peribolos wall enclosing an area of c. 40 by 45 m dating to this phase. This peribolos was not aligned to the axis of the temple. A raised and paved platform was built to connect the temple to the altar. There was a propylon (formal entrance gate) with a wooden superstructure in the southeast side of the peribolos. A 14 m tall column topped by a sphinx was at the northeast side of the sanctuary. The full study and reconstruction of the temple was done by Schwandner, who dates it to before 570 BC. In his reconstruction, the temple is prostyle-tetrastyle in plan, and has a pronaos and – significantly – an adyton at the back of the cella. As is the case at the temples of Artemis at Brauron and Aulis (among others), many temples of Artemis have such back rooms, which may indicate a similarity of cult practice. The cella of the temple of Aphaia had the unusual feature of having two rows of two columns supporting another level of columns that reached the roof. The architrave of this temple was constructed in two courses, giving it a height of 1.19 m versus the frieze height of 0.815 m; this proportion is unusual among temples of the region, but is known from temples in Sicily. A triglyph and metope frieze is also placed along the inside of the pronaos. These metopes were apparently undecorated with sculpture, and there is no evidence of pedimental sculptural groups. This temple and much of the sanctuary was destroyed by fire around 510 BC.</p><br>
<h3>Late Archaic Phase (Aphaia Temple II)</h3><br>
<p>Construction of a new temple commenced soon after the destruction of the older temple. The remains of the destroyed temple were removed from the site of the new temple and used to fill a c. 40 by 80 m terrace within the overall sanctuary of c. 80 by 80 m. This new temple terrace was aligned on north, west, and south with the plan of the new temple. The temple was a hexastyle peripteral Doric order structure on a 6 by 12 column plan resting on a 15.5 by 30.5 m platform; it had a distyle in antis cella with an opisthodomos and a pronaos. All but three of the outer columns were monolithic. There was a small, off-axis doorway between the cella and the opisthodomos. In similar design but more monumental execution than the earlier temple, the cella of the new temple had two rows of five columns, supporting another level of columns that reached to roof. The corners of the roof were decorated with sphinx acroteria, and the central, vegetal acroterion of each side had a pair of kore statues standing one on either side, an unusual feature. The antefixes were of marble, as were the roof tiles.</p><br>
<p>Dates ranging from 510 to 470 BC have been proposed for this temple. Bankel, who published the complete study of the remains, compares the design features of the structure with three structures that were near contemporaries:</p><br>
<p>The Athenian Treasury at Delphi</p><br>
<p>The Doric Temple in the Marmaria area of Delphi</p><br>
<p>The temple of Artemis at Delion on Paros</p><br>
<p>Bankel says the temple of Aphaia is more developed than the earlier phase of this structure, giving it a date of around 500 BC. The metopes of this temple, which were not found, were slotted into the triglyph blocks and attached to backer blocks with swallowtail clamps. If they were wooden, their lack of preservation is to be expected. If they were stone, then they may have been removed for the ancient antiquities market while the structure was still standing. The altar was redone for this phase as well.</p><br>
<h2>Pedimental sculptures</h2><br>
<p>The marbles from the Late Archaic temple of Aphaia, comprising the sculptural groups of the east and west pediments of the temple, are on display in the Glyptothek of Munich, where they were restored by the Danish neoclassic sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. These works exerted a formative influence on the local character of Neoclassicism in Munich, as exhibited in the architecture of Leo von Klenze. Each pediment centered on the figure of Athena, with groups of combatants, fallen warriors, and arms filling the decreasing angles of the pediments. The theme shared by the pediments was the greatness of Aigina as shown by the exploits of its local heroes in the two Trojan wars, one led by Heracles against Laomedon and a second led by Agamemnon against Priam. According to the standard myths, Zeus raped the nymph Aigina, who bore the first king of the island, Aiakos. This king had the sons Telamon (father of the Homeric hero Ajax) and Peleus (father of the Homeric hero Achilles). The Greek idolize heroes who fallen at war, to die on the battleground was a great honor it depicted courage and strength. When a hero died it was though that they become immortal because they prove themselves to the Gods. The sculptures preserve extensive traces of a complex paint scheme, and are crucial for the study of painting on ancient sculpture. The marbles are finished even on the back surfaces of the figures, despite the fact that these faced the pediment and were thus not visible.</p><br>
<p>Ohly had contended that there were four total pedimental groups (two complete sets of pediments for the east and west sides of the temple); Bankel uses the architectural remains of the temple to argue that there were only three pedimental groups; later in his life, Ohly came to believe that there were only two, which was shown persuasively by Eschbach. There were shallow cuttings and many dowels used to secure the plinths of the sculptures of the west pediment (the back of the temple). The east pediment used deep cuttings and fewer dowels to secure the plinths of the statues. There were also a number of geison blocks that had shallow cuttings and many dowels like the west pediment, but that did not fit there. Bankel argues that sculptures were set on both the east and the west pediments with these shallow cuttings, but that the sculptures of the east pediment were removed (along with the geison blocks cut to receive them) and replaced with a different sculptural group. This replacement appears to have been carried out before the raking geisa were installed on the east pediment, since the corner geisa were not cut down to join to the raking geisa: i.e. the 1st phase of the east pediment was replaced with the 2nd phase before that end of the temple was completed. As the eastern facade of the temple (the front) was the most important visually, it is not surprising that the builders would choose to focus additional efforts on it.</p><br>
<h3>Eastern pediment</h3><br>
<p>The first Trojan war, not the one described by Homer but the war of Heracles against the king of Troy Laomedon is the theme, with Telamon figuring prominently as he fights alongside Heracles against king Laomedon. This pediment is thought to be later than the west pediment and to show a number of features appropriate to the Classical period: the statues show a dynamic posture especially in the case of Athena, chiastic composition, and intricate filling of the space using the legs of fallen combatants to fill the difficult decreasing angles of the pediment. Part of the eastern pediment was destroyed during the Persian Wars, possibly by a thunderbolt. The statues that survived were set up in the sanctuary enclosure, and those that were destroyed, were buried according to the ancient custom. The old composition was replaced by a new one with a scene of a battle, again with Athena at the center.</p><br>
<h3>Western pediment</h3><br>
<p>The second Trojan war – the one described by Homer – is the theme, with Ajax (son of Telamon) figuring prominently. The style of these sculptures is that of the Archaic period. The composition deals with the decreasing angles of the pediment by filling the space using a shield and a helmet.</p><br>
<p>Eynali is a mountain range in north of Tabriz, Iran. The range has a couple of peaks including Eynali , Halileh , Pakeh-chin , Bahlul  and the highest one Dand . It has red soil and it is seen from everywhere in Tabriz. There is a tomb at top of the mountain which is believed to be the grave of two clerics which the mountain&#39;s name is related to them. However some people believe that originally the building was a Zoroasterian temple and the shrine name to is a cover to saving the structure from destruction during Muslims invasion.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays many residents of Tabriz used to hiking from base to the shrine as a daily sport activity. In early 2000s like many of other mountains in vicinity of big Iranian cities couple of unknown Iranian victims of Iran-Iraq war&#39;s are buried in top of the mountain behind the shrine as memories of the war. The mountain is also used by telecommunication companies and TV stations to rely their waves. Behind this the city council of Tabriz is trying to make an artificial forest at the hillsides of Eynali as northern green belt of Tabriz.</p><br>
<p>Olba  was an ancient city and bishopric in the Roman province of Isauria, in present-day southern Turkey. It is included in the Catholic Church&#39;s list of Latin titular sees.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Olba was a city of Cetis in Cilicia Aspera, later forming part of Isauria; it had a temple of Zeus, whose priests were once kings of the country, and became a Roman colony. Strabo (XIV, 5, 10) and Ptolemy (V, 8, 6) call it Olbasa.</p><br>
<p>A coin of Diocæsarea, Olbos; Hierocles (Synecdemus, 709), Olbe; Basil of Seleucia (Mirac. S.Theclæ, 2, 8) and the Greek Notitiæ episcopatuum, Olba. The primitive name must have been Ourba or Orba, found in Theophanes the Chronographer, hence Ourbanopolis in "Acta S. Bartholomei".</p><br>
<p>Its ruins, north of Silifke in the Turkish province of Mersin, are called Oura in Turkish.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>Olba was a suffragan of the Metropolitan of Isauria&#39;s provincial capital Seleucia, but faded like most sees in Asia Minor.</p><br>
<p>Le Quien (Oriens christianus, II, 1031) gives four bishops between the fourth and seventh centuries; but the Notitiæ episcopatuum mentions the see until the thirteenth century.</p><br>
<h3>Titular see</h3><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored as Titular bishopric of the Episcopal (lowest) rank under the name Olba (Latin and Curiate Italian); Latin adjective Olbien(sis).</p><br>
<p>In 1927 it was suppressed, having had the following incumbents, all of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :</p><br>
<p>Louis-François-Alexandre de Jarente de Senas d’Orgeval (1780.12.11 – 1788.05.28), Coadjutor Bishop of Orleans (France) (1780.12.11 – 1788.05.28), succeeding as Bishop of Orléans (1788.05.28 – retired 1801.10.29); died 1805</p><br>
<p>Antonio Luis Gaona, Military Order of Saint James the Sword (O.S.) (1800.08.11 – death 1804) (born Spain; no prelature)</p><br>
<p>Vasco José a Domina Nostra de Bona Morte Lobo, Canons Regular of Saint Augustine (C.R.S.A.) (1805.06.26 – death 1822.06.01), as Bishop-Prelate of Mozambique (Mozambique) (1805.06.26 – retired 1811.12.17) and on emeritate</p><br>
<p>Francis Patrick Moran (1871.12.22 – 1872.08.11) as Coadjutor Bishop of Ossory (Ireland) (1871.12.22 – 1872.08.11), succeeded as Bishop of Ossory (1872.08.11 – 1884.03.14), later Metropolitan Archbishop of Sydney (Australia) (1884.03.14 – death 1911.08.16), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Susanna (1885.07.30 – death 1911.08.16)</p><br>
<p>Stephanus Junák (1875.11.23 – death 1879.09.03) as Auxiliary Bishop of Oradea Mare (Romania) (1875.11.23 – 1879.09.03)</p><br>
<p>Bernard Hermann Koeckemann, Picpus Fathers (SS.CC.) (1881.05.17 – 1892.02.22) as Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar Hawaiian Islands (Polynesia, USA; now Diocese of Honolulu) (1881.05.17 – 1882.06.11), succeeding as Vicar Apostolic of Hawaiian Islands (USA) (1882.06.11 – death 1892.02.22)</p><br>
<p>Charles-François Lasne, Lazarists (C.M.) (1911.02.15 – death 1927.06.23) as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar) (1911.02.15 – 1927.06.23)</p><br>
<p>In 1933 it was again restored as Titular bishopric of Olba. It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal rank :</p><br>
<p>Louis-Justin Gumy, Capuchin Friars Minor (O.F.M. Cap.) (1934.01.09 – 1941.04.27) as emeritate, previously Bishop of Port Victoria (Seychelles) (1921.03.10 – 1934.01.09)</p><br>
<p>Tihamér Tóth (1938.05.30 – 1939.03.03) as Coadjutor Bishop of Veszprém (Hungary) (1938.05.30 – 1939.03.03), succeeded as Bishop of Veszprém (1939.03.03 – death 1939.05.06)</p><br>
<p>Augustine Danglmayr (1942.04.24 – death 1992.09.18) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Dallas (Texas, USA) (1942.04.24 – retired 1969.08.22) and on emeritate</p><br>
<p>Maple Lake is a lake in central Polk County, Minnesota, United States, located 2 mi due south of Mentor and approximately 4 mi west of Erskine. The name of the lake is taken from the extensive sugar maple tree forest which surrounds it. Even before American settlement of the region, the existence of these extensive hardwood forests in an otherwise treeless open prairie gave the lake a geographic identity. Maple Lake is a natural lake, and is the westernmost significant lake in the Red River Valley of Northwestern Minnesota. The lake appears on 19th century historic maps of the area, and developed as a summer home and resort community as early as 1910. As a result of drought conditions and low inflows during the 1930s, however, the lake nearly dried up. Beginning in 1940 a two-stage Works Progress Administration development project involving the diversion of water from nearby Badger Lake and the Poplar River raised the lake to its current artificially maintained water level. This rejuvenated the resort industry, and the lake remains a popular summer home, recreational watersports and fishing lake, drawing people from eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota as well as other neighboring states.</p><br>
<p>The Keewaydin Club is a historic site in Naples, Florida. The Inn, which opened in 1934 and closed in 1999, is located at the north</p><br>
<p>end of Keewaydin Island. On December 22, 1987, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The Island remained basically natural with no cars or vehicles other than a golf cart at the club on the few southern hundred yards of the c. 7 mile long island where the rustic but charming club and its guest cottages were located. The island guest strollers would carefully scan the tidal harvest for the daily incoming batch of sea shells, one of the best beaches in Florida for finding many unusual specimens. From mid island, beach walkers could see Marco Island in the distance, highly glitzy and very developed since the 1960s, the opposite of the old pre World War II Florida on untouched and in no way commercialized or developed Keewaydin Island.</p><br>
<p>Ferry access to the Inn was aboard the Kokomis, a 21-footer now part of the Collier County Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Everglades Laundry is a historic site at 105 West Broadway in Everglades City, Florida.</p><br>
<p>On September 22, 2001, the site was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The wayside marker describes it as the Old Laundry Building, and it was completed in 1928, serving in the capacity as a community laundry building. It became the clubhouse for the "Everglades Women&#39;s Club" in 1965, when it was purchased from the Colliers.</p><br>
<h2>Museum of the Everglades</h2><br>
<p>The site is now the home of the Museum of the Everglades, opened in 1998 by the Collier County Museum. Exhibits display the history and culture of the southwest Everglades area, including the ancient Calusa, Seminole, pioneers and entrepreneurs, such as Barron Collier.</p><br>
<p>The Naples Historical Society&#39;s Historic Palm Cottage  is a historic home in Naples, Florida. It is located in the Naples Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The antiques filled cottage, is a rare example of tabby mortar construction. The Historic Palm Cottage is Naples oldest house (1895) and is proudly maintained by the Naples Historical Society and is located at 137 12th Avenue South,(at Gulfshore Blvd.) a block East of Naples Pier. On May 24, 1982, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was the summer cottage of the Louisville, Ky Courier Journal and Times then owner/editor, Walter N. Haldeman. Other Louisvillians owned homes in the area in this era.</p><br>
<p>The house is owned and operated as a museum by the Naples Historical Society. The house has been decorated to reflect the early 1900s, and include the adjacent Norris Gardens, which feature five distinct themed areas and both the garden and house are open for docent guided tours Tuesdays through Saturdays from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m.</p><br>
<p>More information at: http://www.napleshistoricalsociety.org/</p><br>
<p>The Walasi-Yi Interpretive Center is a small stone building located along US 19/129 at Neels Gap, Georgia, United States, on the eastern side of Blood Mountain. It is notable as the only place where the 2,175-mile-long Appalachian Trail passes through a man-made structure. It is currently the first mail-drop available to northbound thru-hikers that does not require one to leave the trail.</p><br>
<p>Originally a log structure built by a logging company, the building took its present form during the 1930s when it was rebuilt by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). It served as a restaurant and inn until 1965, when it was abandoned. Soon after, the building was rented by an artist group who used it until 1969 when it was again left vacant. By the mid-1970s the building was slated for demolition, but a group of conservation-minded locals lobbied successfully for its inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Spared from destruction, the building served as an irregular store to hikers and tourists until 1983 when Jeff and Dorothy Hansen took over management of what became known as Mountain Crossings at Walasi-Yi. In the 1990s the store was operated by Peggy and Justin. The building was then leased and operated by Winton Porter from 2001 to 2013. It is currently operated by Logan and Georganna Seamon.</p><br>
<p>Currently, in addition to the store the Walasi-Yi center offers hostel and cabin rentals. These rooms are at a premium in early spring when the vast majority of northbound thru-hikers are traveling through northern Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Trendle Ring  is a late prehistoric earthwork on the Quantock Hills near Bicknoller in Somerset, England. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument . In 2013 it was added to the Heritage at Risk register due to vulnerability to plant growth.</p><br>
<p>The word trendle means circle, so it is a tautological place name.</p><br>
<p>The site, which covers 0.8 hectare, is surrounded by a single rampart with a ditch and has a simple opening on the East, uphill side. The hillside is steep and there are two areas which may have been more level platforms. It is situated on the slope of a hill which rises 130 m above the ring.</p><br>
<h2>Possible interpretations</h2><br>
<p>Both the period of construction and the original purpose of the earthwork are uncertain. It has been described at different times by different authorities as a fort, a settlement, a livestock enclosure and a hill-slope enclosure. It may have served different purposes at different times. It has never been excavated and no found artifacts are associated with it.</p><br>
<p>The size of the ramparts would argue for a defensive purpose, but the only entrance on the uphill side would not. The lack of any water supply would argue against any permanent human occupation and against its use as a livestock enclosure, although two more level areas inside the earthwork have been identified as possible building platforms. Hill-slope enclosures are found In South West England dating from the first and second millennium BC. When excavated, they have sometimes been found to have had settlements inside them, resembling defensible farmsteads, but the extreme steepness of this site and its location half way up the scarp of the Quantocks make it difficult to assign it a purely practical purpose.</p><br>
<p>Plainsfield Camp  is a possible Iron Age earthwork on the Quantock Hills near Aisholt in Somerset, England.</p><br>
<p>The so-called hill fort has several features that make it more likely to be an animal enclosure, than a defended settlement:</p><br>
<p>single rampart with ditch</p><br>
<p>simple opening for an entrance</p><br>
<p>situated on the slope of a hill</p><br>
<p>the hill rises over 50 m above the ring</p><br>
<p>the area is only 0.9 hectare</p><br>
<p>The case for an enclosure is less clear cut than for Trendle Ring, since Plainsfield is on a spur and does have steep slopes on two sides, making it like a promontory fort, similar to nearby Ruborough.</p><br>
<p>It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>Little Beach is a barrier island along the coast of New Jersey. It is believed to be the last uninhabited barrier island left on the U.S. Atlantic coast. It is part of Galloway Township, in Atlantic County, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The island is now part of the Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge. Access is permitted only to researchers, who must apply for a federal permit.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, Little Beach was a community on the verge of becoming a major beach resort. Plans to build a bridge from the mainland were abandoned in 1929, forever isolating Little Beach. For that reason, some call it the "Lost Island of New Jersey."</p><br>
<p>A few signs of a once-active community remain: ruins of a lifesaving station, poles for power lines, an outhouse, and a deteriorating dock stretching the width of the island.</p><br>
<p>Vartry Reservoir  is a reservoir at Roundwood in County Wicklow, Ireland. The water is piped from Vartry to a large open service reservoir in Stillorgan in the southern suburbs of Dublin. The reservoir is operated by Dublin City Council.</p><br>
<p>The original (lower) reservoir was completed in 1863, and has a capacity of 11.3 billion litres and a maximum depth of 18.3 metres. A second embankment, 3.5 km upstream, was completed in 1923 to form the upper reservoir. This has a capacity of 5.6 billion litres and a maximum depth of 13.4 metres.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Vartry Reservoir scheme involved the partial redirection and damming of the Vartry river, the building of a series of water piping and filtering systems (and related public works) to carry fresh water to the city.</p><br>
<p>Between 1862 and 1868 the lower reservoir was formed by constructing an earthen dam across the valley of the River Vartry after a Dublin Water Works Committee was established to develop a new water supply to Dublin and suburbs. The committee was chaired by Dr. John Gray who actively promoted what would become the "Vartry scheme". The scheme was formally opened on June 30, 1863.</p><br>
<p>This work was particularly important in the improvement of living conditions and public health in Dublin city. It improved sanitation and helped reduce outbreaks of cholera, typhus and other diseases associated with contaminated water.</p><br>
<p>Meal Fell is a small fell in the northern region of the English Lake District, it is situated seven kilometres  south-west of the village of Caldbeck and is one of the four main Uldale Fells .</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Meal fell reaches a height of 550 m (1,804 ft) and although it is largely grassy and smooth like the other Uldale Fells it does have a stony summit with patches of scree. Bill Birkett in his book The Complete Lakeland Fells speculates that the summit could possibly have been a small hill fort in ancient times, saying:</p><br>
<p>‘Around its summit rock outcrop it appears that the ground has been quarried away … the quarrying seems to extend in a full circle around the summit knoll. Could this be the remains of another hill fort along the lines of Carrock Fell?’</p><br>
<p>Meal Fell is linked to Great Cockup to the west by the pass of Trusmadoor, a place described by Alfred Wainwright as the ‘Piccadilly of sheep in that locality’ to the east Meal Fell is connected by a ridge to Great Sca Fell.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The fell is usually climbed directly from the minor road to the west of the Uldale Fells with the hamlets of Orthwaite and Longlands the favoured starting points. Both of these walks approach the fell through the valleys although most walkers will climb Great Cockup first before arriving at Meal Fell and then go on to other fells in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The view from the top of the fell is restricted inland by higher fells and the best prospect is north west towards the sea.</p><br>
<p>Montagne Sainte-Victoire — in Provençal Venturi / Santa Venturi according to classical orthography and Ventùri / Santo Ventùri according to Mistralian orthography — is a limestone mountain ridge in the south of France which extends over 18 km between the départements of Bouches-du-Rhône and Var. Its highest point is the Pic des mouches at 1,011 m; this is not however the highest point in Bouches-du-Rhône, which is instead found in the Sainte-Baume massif. The Croix de Provence is a notable feature of the mountain. At a height of 19 metres, this cross, although not placed at the highest point of the mountain, stands out from the ridge far more than the Pic des Mouches.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is celebrated for its many appearances in a series of paintings by Paul Cézanne (1839–1906), who could see it from near his house in nearby Aix-en-Provence.</p><br>
<h2>History and tourism</h2><br>
<p>Originally called montagne de la Victoire, the mountain became known by Christians in the Middle Ages as Sainte-Venture. In the 13th century, a chapel was constructed at the summit. It was not until the 17th century that the mountain gained its current name.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 a fire ravaged over 50 km² of the mountain&#39;s south face. Much work has been done to promote reforestation, but the amount of vegetation, particularly conifers, remains much less than it was prior to the fire. Access to the mountain is now largely restricted during the summer.</p><br>
<p>However, during the periods of free access, the Saint-Victoire massif is a popular destination for hiking, climbing, paragliding and, to a lesser extent, caving. Around 700,000 walkers use its paths every year.</p><br>
<h2>Artists</h2><br>
<p>In addition to Cézanne, Montagne Saint-Victoire has been a source of inspiration for other artists, for example:</p><br>
<p>It makes an appearance in the 1454 painting Coronation of the Virgin by Enguerrand Quarton.</p><br>
<p>The painter Pablo Picasso, who bought the Château de Vauvenargues, situated at the foot of the mountain, and installed a studio there between 1959 and 1962</p><br>
<p>The painter Wassily Kandinsky</p><br>
<p>The painter André Masson (1896-1987) The Red Lands and the Montagne Sainte Victoire 1948</p><br>
<p>(Les Terres rouges et la Montagne Ste Victoire)</p><br>
<p>The writer Peter Handke with The Lesson of Sainte-Victoire (1980)</p><br>
<p>The writer Guy Gavriel Kay with Ysabel (2007)</p><br>
<p>Ruborough Camp is an Iron Age hill fort on the Quantock Hills near Broomfield in Somerset, England. The name comes from Rugan beorh or Ruwan-beorge meaning Rough Hill. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and on the Heritage at Risk register.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The hill fort is on an easterly spur from the main Quantock ridge, with steep natural slopes to the north and south-east. The fort is triangular in shape, with a single rampart and ditch (univallate), enclosing 1.8 hectare. There is a linear outer work about 120 m away, parallel to the westerly rampart, enclosing another 1.8 ha.</p><br>
<p>There was a subterranean tunnel, which has now been filed in, which gave the camp safe access to a nearby spring for water.</p><br>
<p>It was common for ancient hill forts to be reused as pens for domesticated animals in the Medieval period, and there is documentary evidence that Ruborough became a porcheria, or piggery, owned by the Saxon domain of Somerton.</p><br>
<p>Carr Mill Mall is a small, local shopping mall located in Carrboro, North Carolina. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Alberta Mill Complex. It is also a host for numerous local live performances and other cultural events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1898 by Thomas F. Lloyd, it was formerly a cotton mill known as the Alberta Cotton Mill. By 1913, it had become one of the world&#39;s largest hardwood cross-tie makers, shipping them on train tracks adjacent to the mall that continue past Carrboro to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In 1909, the Julian Carr family bought the mill. In 1913 Carrboro, previously known as West End, was renamed "Venable" in honor of Francis P. Venable, the president of the University of North Carolina at that time. The mill closed by 1930. In 1945, the mill re-opened and remained open until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Carrboro Board of Aldermen voted to have the building torn down to build a shopping mall on the site. In light of community opposition to the plan the idea was scrapped and the mill complex was renovated and reopened as Carr Mill Mall. The complex now houses numerous restaurants and stores as well as commercial office space on its upper levels. Weaver Street Market, Carrboro&#39;s co-op grocery, is one of the primary tenants of the complex and sponsors numerous outdoor events and performances on the lawn in front of Carr Mill Mall.</p><br>
<p>The song "Freight Train" by Elizabeth &#39;Libba" Cotten is inspired by the train that ran on the State University Railroad spur past her house on Lloyd St, and served the needs of Carr Mill. Cotten wrote the song in the early 1900s, as a young teenager.</p><br>
<p>Ella Bay is a bay located in the Cassowary Coast Region in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is within close proximity to the town of Innisfail. Innisfail is situated 88 km south of Cairns and 260 km north of Townsville. The bay is bounded by Coopers point in the north and Heaths point in the south. The land area adjacent to Ella Bay is named Wanjuru, however this name is not commonly used and the name Ella Bay can refer to this land area as well.</p><br>
<p>At the landscape scale, the mountain ranges encircling Ella Bay itself lie mostly within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, recognised for its natural heritage. Parts of Ella Bay are protected within the Ella Bay National Park. The ocean directly offshore at Ella Bay lies within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which is also the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. There are two blocks of private land at the southern end of Ella Bay, a predominantly cleared 470 hectare block and a 65 acre rainforest block named Little Cove by property developer Satori Ella Bay.</p><br>
<p>The average annual rainfall at Innisfail is over 3,500 mm or 3.5 m according to the Bureau of Meteorology, and the average number of rainy days per year is 150 days.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ella Bay area was originally inhabited by the Bagirbarra clan, the recognised Traditional Owners of the Ella Bay land and one of the Mamu speaking clan groups of the Innisfail region. The richness and diversity of the Wet Tropics lowland rainforest environment, would have allowed for a population density of approximately two square kilometers per person and a band of approximately 50 individuals.</p><br>
<p>Ella Bay lies within the traditional country of the Mamu peoples, an Australian Aboriginal tribe with a number of distinctive clan groups. These clan groups have cultural and spiritual ties to coastal lowlands, coastal lands and waters within what is now known as the northern part of the Cassowary Coast region of north eastern Queensland, Australia. Before colonisation, Mamu people moved seasonally within their traditional country, accessing and using important food sources including seafoods, freshwater fish, game animals, rainforest fruits and roots. Certain plant species used by rainforest Aboriginal tribes in this area on a regular basis are highly toxic, and careful preparation using time honoured methods were employed to make these food sources safe for eating. During particular seasons, these toxic foods would form a staple of the tribes&#39; diets. In some locations, early European visitors (for example the anthropologist Roth) recorded seeing communal settlements with multiple shelters including long-house type structures, and there is evidence that a taro-type species of yam was cultivated for regular harvest along creeks and rivers. Like so many Aboriginal people in Australia, many Mamu traditional owners were forcibly removed from their traditional lands to other places in Queensland including Cherbourg, Woorabinda, Yarrabah and Palm Island mission settlements. Some have come back to live in the area since the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>First contact with Europeans came with a handful of survivors from the wreck of the brig Maria. On the 26th of February 1872, after astounding escapes from reef and rocks, the brig ran onto what is still known as the Maria reef, some miles off Cardwell. All the men who got ashore via raft north of the Johnstone River owed their lives to the local aboriginals, who treated them kindly, fed and made camps for them, and signaled the rescue boat Basilisk to come ashore.</p><br>
<p>The first settlers were the "cedar getters" in 1880 during the influx of timber cutters after the local red cedar species (Toona ciliata), quickly followed by becoming a key growing area for bananas and sugar cane. The later industries persist into the present day.</p><br>
<p>The latest Cyclone to hit the Innisfail region was Cyclone Yasi – making landfall as a category 5 on the 3 February 2011. Yasi was one of the most powerful cyclones to have impacted Queensland since records commenced.</p><br>
<p>Cyclone Larry (Category 4 before striking land) on the 20 March 2006. Major damage to homes and other buildings was caused by Larry as well as extensive damage to local crops (tropical fruits, sugar and bananas) and timber plantations.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Ella Bay area is home to a large variety of plant and animal life including iconic species like the endangered southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii), endangered and vulnerable frog species including the Australian lace-lid, common mist frog and waterfall frog, remnant native plants and estuarine crocodiles. Ella Bay is regularly used by green sea turtles as a nesting site. Other threatened marine turtles may nest in this area though this has yet to be confirmed. The waters off Ella Bay are important shallow water habitat for coastal dolphin species including the endemic snub fin dolphin and the Indo-pacific humpback dolphin. Whales have been observed at Ella Bay including migrating humpback whales. Dugong have been observed at Ella Bay though the poor condition of seagrass beds in the area currently make this area less than optimal Dugong habitat.</p><br>
<h2>Ella Bay development</h2><br>
<p>The Ella Bay property comprises 470 hectares of freehold land used as a cattle station that is isolated within the Ella Bay National Park and Wet Tropics of Queensland and a 160 acre rainforest block named Little Cove. The Ella Bay site was first surveyed in 1882 and large areas of the site were later cleared for banana production and small crop farming. There are numerous newspaper reports from the early 1900s of Ella Bay being one of the major banana growing areas in Queensland. The newspaper articles report that the land was leased to Chinese farmers and there were over 100 men working the site, that 500 acres had been cleared for bananas and there was a 340 ft long jetty built in 1902 to load steamers with bananas to Brisbane. There was a note of Ella Bay Road (tender for bridge, Cairns Post 1917). In 1906, this settlement of over 100 Chinese farmers was abandoned after a severe tropical cyclone destroyed their homes and crops. After selling any rescued fruit the Chinese farmers totally abandoned Ella Bay and the area was never resettled.</p><br>
<p>In recent history, most of the Ella Bay site was shown as cleared in Army Mapping dated 1943 and the small amount of remaining areas were cleared and levelled in the mid 1960s. Since that time the site has been used mainly for pastoral purposes. Introduced tropical pasture grass (Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria humidicola) covers almost all of the cleared area.</p><br>
<p>The 470 hectare site is mostly cleared. Introduced weed infestation (Pond apple, Hymenachne, Sicklepod etc.) have further degraded much of these pasture areas and the margins of remnant vegetated areas and this situation has been brought about by a failure of successive property owners to control these invasive weed species in a timely and efficient manner. The 160 acre Little Cove property is covered almost entirely with endangered and of concern rainforest vegetation. Under Commonwealth EPBCA legislation Littoral rainforest is listed as Critically Endangered.</p><br>
<p>This land is situated in the southern section of Ella Bay as the northern area was too wet for agriculture. The northern wetland known as Ella Bay Swamp is classified as a wetland of national significance and is primarily located within Ella Bay National Park.</p><br>
<p>It is proposed to construct the Ella Bay Integrated Resort; an integrated resort and property development focusing on sustainability, and environmental stewardship. The stated ecological goal of the development is to first, live sustainably with the minimum carbon footprint, rainwater harvesting and recycling of water and minimising pollution, through the general philosophy of ecological living and principles of sustainable development; and second to protect and enhance the fauna and flora of the site and surrounds through responsible use and protection of the natural environment, through conservation and sustainable practices.</p><br>
<p>The project was approved by the Federal Government on 19 December 2012 with 19 conditions designed to reduce environmental impacts. The road to the resort will have to be fenced and have crossing to protect cassowaries. 50 hectares of habitat re-vegetation is to occur onsite.</p><br>
<h3>Opposition</h3><br>
<p>Local conservationists strongly oppose this urban development/resort complex for many reasons. The influx of up to 5,000 people into this wilderness area is feared to have the potential to cause great harm to this refuge area. Associated traffic into this area will threaten the safety of endangered southern cassowaries and endangered frog species. Critically endangered coastal rainforest will be destroyed to provide access to the property development and to clear sites for 100 residences at the Little Cove development site. Conservationist Russell Constable from the Cassowary Coast Alliance is concerned that coastal dolphin species, which are already threatened, will be adversely impacted by increased boat and jet ski activity from the areas new residents, as will nesting marine turtles. Conservationists also claim it is unwise to place so many people in area that is so susceptible to the impacts of tropical cyclones and has a history of such disasters.</p><br>
<p>The David Davis Mansion, also known as Clover Lawn, is a Victorian home in Bloomington, Illinois that was the residence of David Davis, Supreme Court justice  and Senator from Illinois. The mansion has been a state museum since 1960. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Set in a residential neighborhood on Bloomington&#39;s near-south-side, the three-story yellow brick mansion comprises 36 rooms in an Italianate villa style.</p><br>
<p>The mansions lot includes an 1872 wood house, a barn and stable, privies, a foaling shed, carriage barn, and a flower and ornamental cutting garden. "Sarahs Garden", the Victorian cut flower garden, with original heirloom roses and perennials began restoration in 2001 and is near completion.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>The home is open to the general public from Wednesday through Saturday. The home hosts many seasonal events including "The Glorious Garden Festival" and "The Blessings of the Table" at Thanksgiving. During the winter holiday season the mansion is lavishly decorated for the Christmas holiday. Gas light tours are offered during the month of December, for a modest amount more than the general donation.</p><br>
<p>The Haish Memorial Library  was designed by Chicago architects White and Weber  and built in the art deco style of the 1930s with funds left to the library by Jacob Haish in his 1928 will. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building, located in DeKalb, Illinois, was dedicated in 1931 after construction during 1930. Constructed using funds willed by Jacob Haish, $150,000 to be precise, the building marked the first time the DeKalb Library had its own building. Previously it was in the second floor of city hall, then at 125 S. 2nd St., in DeKalb. From 1923 until the Haish Library&#39;s dedication the library was housed on the second floor of the Daily Chronicle building on Lincoln Highway.</p><br>
<p>Its facade is constructed from Indiana Bedford limestone and reflects the art deco style prominent during the 1920s and 1930s. Designed by Chicago-based White & Weber, the library was originally capable of housing 80,000 volumes. The building also had an exhibition hall that could be accessed by a separate entrance. The main entrance features a formal garden. In 1979 a major addition to the library opened, the West Wing. With its addition to the National Historic Register in 1980 the Haish Memorial Library joined other DeKalb landmarks with that designation such as the Egyptian Theatre, the Gurler House, the Ellwood House and the Glidden House.</p><br>
